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      Exosomes in the Regulation of Vascular Endothelial Cell Regeneration

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          Abstract

          Exosomes have been described as nanoscale membranous extracellular vesicles that emerge from a variety of cells and tissues and are enriched with biologically active genomic and non-genomic biomolecules capable of transducing cell to cell communication. Exosome release, and exosome mediated signaling and cross-talks have been reported in several pathophysiological states. Therefore, exosomes have the potential to become suitable for the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of specific diseases, including endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction and regeneration. The role of EC-derived exosomes in the mechanisms of cardiovascular tissue regenerative processes represents currently an area of intense research activity. Recent studies have described the potential of exosomes to influence the pathophysiology of immune signaling, tumor metastasis, and angiogenesis. In this review, we briefly discuss progress made in our understanding of the composition and the roles of exosomes in relation to EC regeneration as well as revascularization of ischemic tissues.

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          Angiogenesis in life, disease and medicine.

          Peter Carmeliet (2005)
          The growth of blood vessels (a process known as angiogenesis) is essential for organ growth and repair. An imbalance in this process contributes to numerous malignant, inflammatory, ischaemic, infectious and immune disorders. Recently, the first anti-angiogenic agents have been approved for the treatment of cancer and blindness. Angiogenesis research will probably change the face of medicine in the next decades, with more than 500 million people worldwide predicted to benefit from pro- or anti-angiogenesis treatments.
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            Molecular distinction and angiogenic interaction between embryonic arteries and veins revealed by ephrin-B2 and its receptor Eph-B4.

            H Wang, Z. F. Chen, D Anderson (1998)
            The vertebrate circulatory system is composed of arteries and veins. The functional and pathological differences between these vessels have been assumed to reflect physiological differences such as oxygenation and blood pressure. Here we show that ephrin-B2, an Eph family transmembrane ligand, marks arterial but not venous endothelial cells from the onset of angiogenesis. Conversely, Eph-B4, a receptor for ephrin-B2, marks veins but not arteries. ephrin-B2 knockout mice display defects in angiogenesis by both arteries and veins in the capillary networks of the head and yolk sac as well as in myocardial trabeculation. These results provide evidence that differences between arteries and veins are in part genetically determined and suggest that reciprocal signaling between these two types of vessels is crucial for morphogenesis of the capillary beds.
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              Apoptotic Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: More Than Just Debris

              Sarah Caruso, Ivan K H Poon (2018)
              The many functions of extracellular vesicles (EVs) like exosomes and microvesicles released from healthy cells have been well characterized, particularly in relation to their roles in immune modulation. Apoptotic bodies, a major class of EV released as a product of apoptotic cell disassembly, and other types of EVs released from dying cells are also becoming recognized as key players in this emerging field. There is now increasing evidence to suggest that EVs produced during apoptosis have important immune regulatory roles, a concept relevant across different disease settings including autoimmunity, cancer, and infection. Therefore, this review focuses on how the formation of EVs during apoptosis could be a key mechanism of immune modulation by dying cells.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Front Cell Dev Biol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Front Cell Dev Biol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Front. Cell Dev. Biol.
                Title: Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
                Publisher: Frontiers Media S.A.
                ISSN (Electronic): 2296-634X
                Publication date (Electronic): 09 January 2020
                Publication date Collection: 2019
                Volume: 7
                Electronic Location Identifier: 353
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, United States
                [2] 2Angiogenesis and Brain Development Laboratory, Division of Basic Neuroscience, McLean Hospital , Belmont, MA, United States
                [3] 3Department of Pharmacology, The University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, IL, United States
                Author notes

                Edited by: Sveva Bollini, University of Genoa, Italy

                Reviewed by: Lucio Barile, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Mahmood Khan, The Ohio State University, United States

                *Correspondence: Kishore K. Wary, kkwary@ 123456uic.edu

                This article was submitted to Stem Cell Research, a section of the journal Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology

                Article
                DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00353
                PMC ID: 6962177
                PubMed ID: 31998716
                SO-VID: 0f8971da-73bf-4843-a4af-f739c308a257
                Copyright © Copyright © 2020 Baruah and Wary.
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                Date received : 16 August 2019
                Date accepted : 05 December 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 3, Equations: 0, References: 95, Pages: 8, Words: 0
                Funding
                Funded by: American Heart Association 10.13039/100000968
                Categories
                Subject: Cell and Developmental Biology
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: angiogenesis,exosomes,endothelial cells,regeneration,rejuvenation
                Data availability:
                Keywords: angiogenesis, exosomes, endothelial cells, regeneration, rejuvenation

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