For Publishers
DiscoveryMetadataPeer reviewHostingPublishing
For Researchers
JoinPublishReviewCollect
Register
Blog
About
Search
Advanced search
My ScienceOpen
Search
For Publishers
For Researchers
Blog
About
71
views
78
references
 Top references
cited by
76
    
0 reviews
 Review
0
comments
 Comment
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
0 collections
    0
    shares
      586
      similar
       All similar
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: found
      Is Open Access

      Dry Eye: an Inflammatory Ocular Disease

      review-article

      Read this article at

      ScienceOpenPMC
          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Keratoconjunctivitis sicca, or dry eye, is a common ocular disease prompting millions of individuals to seek ophthalmological care. Regardless of the underlying etiology, dry eye has been shown to be associated with abnormalities in the pre-corneal tear film and subsequent inflammatory changes in the entire ocular surface including the adnexa, conjunctiva and cornea. Since the recognition of the role of inflammation in dry eye, a number of novel treatments have been investigated designed to inhibit various inflammatory pathways. Current medications that are used, including cyclosporine A, corticosteroids, tacrolimus, tetracycline derivatives and autologous serum, have been effective for management of dry eye and lead to measurable clinical improvement.

          Related collections

          Most cited references78

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: not found

          The epidemiology of dry eye disease: report of the Epidemiology Subcommittee of the International Dry Eye WorkShop (2007).

          (2007)
          The report of the Epidemiology Subcommittee of the 2007 Dry Eye WorkShop summarizes current knowledge on the epidemiology of dry eye disease, providing prevalence and incidence data from various populations. It stresses the need to expand epidemiological studies to additional geographic regions, to incorporate multiple races and ethnicities in future studies, and to build a consensus on dry eye diagnostic criteria for epidemiological studies. Recommendations are made regarding several characteristics of dry eye questionnaires that might be suitable for use in epidemiological studies and randomized controlled clinical trials. Risk factors for dry eye and morbidity of the disease are identified, and the impact of dry eye disease on quality of life and visual function are outlined. Suggestions are made for further prospective research that would lead to improvement of both eye and general public health.
          Article 0 comments Cited 320 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
            • Record: found
            • Abstract: found
            • Article: not found

            Mechanisms of action of cyclosporine.

            Satoshi Matsuda, Shigeo Koyasu (2000)
            Cyclosporine (cyclosporin A, CsA) has potent immunosuppressive properties, reflecting its ability to block the transcription of cytokine genes in activated T cells. It is well established that CsA through formation of a complex with cyclophilin inhibits the phosphatase activity of calcineurin, which regulates nuclear translocation and subsequent activation of NFAT transcription factors. In addition to the calcineurin/NFAT pathway, recent studies indicate that CsA also blocks the activation of JNK and p38 signaling pathways triggered by antigen recognition, making CsA a highly specific inhibitor of T cell activation. Here we discuss the action of CsA on JNK and p38 activation pathways. We also argue the potential of CsA and its natural counterparts as pharmacological probes.
            Article 0 comments Cited 199 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: found
              • Article: found
              Is Open Access

              Anti-inflammatory activity and neutrophil reductions mediated by the JAK1/JAK3 inhibitor, CP-690,550, in rat adjuvant-induced arthritis

              Debra Meyer, Michael Jesson, Xiong Li … (2010)
              Background The Janus kinase (JAK) family of tyrosine kinases includes JAK1, JAK2, JAK3 and TYK2, and is required for signaling through Type I and Type II cytokine receptors. CP-690,550 is a potent and selective JAK inhibitor currently in clinical trials for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and other autoimmune disease indications. In RA trials, dose-dependent decreases in neutrophil counts (PBNC) were observed with CP-690,550 treatment. These studies were undertaken to better understand the relationship between JAK selectivity and PBNC decreases observed with CP-690,550 treatment. Methods Potency and selectivity of CP-690,550 for mouse, rat and human JAKs was evaluated in a panel of in vitro assays. The effect of CP-690,550 on granulopoiesis from progenitor cells was also assessed in vitro using colony forming assays. In vivo the potency of orally administered CP-690,550 on arthritis (paw edema), plasma cytokines, PBNC and bone marrow differentials were evaluated in the rat adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) model. Results CP-690,550 potently inhibited signaling through JAK1 and JAK3 with 5-100 fold selectivity over JAK2 in cellular assays, despite inhibiting all four JAK isoforms with nM potency in in vitro enzyme assays. Dose-dependent inhibition of paw edema was observed in vivo with CP-690,550 treatment. Plasma cytokines (IL-6 and IL-17), PBNC, and bone marrow myeloid progenitor cells were elevated in the context of AIA disease. At efficacious exposures, CP-690,550 returned all of these parameters to pre-disease levels. The plasma concentration of CP-690,550 at efficacious doses was above the in vitro whole blood IC50 of JAK1 and JAK3 inhibition, but not that of JAK2. Conclusion Results from this investigation suggest that CP-690,550 is a potent inhibitor of JAK1 and JAK3 with potentially reduced cellular potency for JAK2. In rat AIA, as in the case of human RA, PBNC were decreased at efficacious exposures of CP-690,550. Inflammatory end points were similarly reduced, as judged by attenuation of paw edema and cytokines IL-6 and IL-17. Plasma concentration at these exposures was consistent with inhibition of JAK1 and JAK3 but not JAK2. Decreases in PBNC following CP-690,550 treatment may thus be related to attenuation of inflammation and are likely not due to suppression of granulopoiesis through JAK2 inhibition.
              Article 0 comments Cited 161 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
                All references

                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Ophthalmic Vis Res
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Ophthalmic Vis Res
                Journal ID (publisher-id): JOVR
                Title: Journal of Ophthalmic & Vision Research
                Publisher: Ophthalmic Research Center
                ISSN (Print): 2008-2010
                ISSN (Electronic): 2008-322X
                Publication date (Print): April 2014
                Volume: 9
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 240-250
                Affiliations
                Ocular Surface Diseases & Dry Eye Clinic, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
                Author notes
                Correspondence to: Esen Karamursel Akpek, MD. Ocular Surface Diseases & Dry Eye Clinic, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Tel: +1 410 955 5214, Fax: +1 410 614 6480; email: esakpek@ 123456jhmi.edu
                Article
                Publisher ID: JOVR-09-240
                PMC ID: 4181208
                PubMed ID: 25279127
                SO-VID: 0f94c7ac-581b-4044-9ae2-06bf8e40ee49
                Copyright © © 2014 Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
                License:

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported License which allows users to read, copy, distribute and make derivative works for non-commercial purposes from the material, as long as the author of the original work is cited properly.

                History
                Date received : 17 March 2014
                Date accepted : 13 April 2014
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Ophthalmology & Optometry
                Keywords: keratoconjunctivitis sicca,sjӧgren’s syndrome,dry eye,inflammation,treatment
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Ophthalmology & Optometry
                Keywords: keratoconjunctivitis sicca, sjӧgren’s syndrome, dry eye, inflammation, treatment

                Comments

                Comment on this article

                Related Documents Log

                Similar content586

                See all similar

                Cited by76

                See all cited by

                Most referenced authors974

                See all reference authors