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      Studies of Laboulbeniales on Myrmica ants (IV): host-related diversity and thallus distribution patterns of Rickia wasmannii Translated title: Études des Laboulbeniales sur les fourmis Myrmica (IV) : Diversité liée à l’hôte et schémas de distribution des thalles de Rickia wasmannii

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          Abstract

          Fungal species identities are often based on morphological features, but current molecular phylogenetic and other approaches almost always lead to the discovery of multiple species in single morpho-species. According to the morphological species concept, the ant-parasitic fungus Rickia wasmannii (Ascomycota, Laboulbeniales) is a single species with pan-European distribution and a wide host range. Since its description, it has been reported from ten species of Myrmica (Hymenoptera, Formicidae), of which two belong to the rubra-group and the other eight to the phylogenetically distinct scabrinodis-group. We found evidence for R. wasmannii being a single phylogenetic species using sequence data from two loci. Apparently, the original morphological description (dating back to 1899) represents a single phylogenetic species. Furthermore, the biology and host-parasite interactions of R. wasmannii are not likely to be affected by genetic divergence among different populations of the fungus, implying comparability among studies conducted on members of different ant populations. We found no differences in total thallus number on workers between Myrmica species, but we did observe differences in the pattern of thallus distribution over the body. The locus of infection is the frontal side of the head in Myrmica rubra and M. sabuleti whereas in M. scabrinodis the locus of infection differs between worker ants from Hungary (gaster tergites) and the Netherlands (frontal head). Possible explanations for these observations are differences among host species and among populations of the same species in (i) how ant workers come into contact with the fungus, (ii) grooming efficacy, and (iii) cuticle surface characteristics.

          Translated abstract

          L’identification des espèces fongiques est souvent basée sur des caractéristiques morphologiques, mais les approches phylogénétiques moléculaires et autres conduisent presque toujours à la découverte d’espèces multiples dans une seule morpho-espèce. Selon le concept d’espèce morphologique, le champignon parasite de fourmis Rickia wasmannii (Ascomycota, Laboulbeniales) est une espèce unique ayant une répartition paneuropéenne et une large gamme d’hôtes. Depuis sa description, il a été signalé chez dix espèces de Myrmica (Hymenoptera, Formicidae), dont deux appartiennent au groupe rubra et les huit autres au groupe scabrinodis, phylogénétiquement distinct. Nous avons trouvé que R. wasmannii était une seule espèce phylogénétique en utilisant les données des séquences de deux loci. Apparemment, la description morphologique originale (datant de 1899) représente une seule espèce phylogénétique. De plus, la biologie et les interactions hôte-parasite de R. wasmannii ne devraient pas être affectées par une divergence génétique entre différentes populations du champignon, ce qui implique une comparabilité entre les études conduites sur des membres de différentes populations de fourmis. Nous n’avons trouvé aucune différence dans le nombre total de thalles chez les ouvrières entre les espèces de Myrmica, mais nous avons observé des différences dans le schéma de distribution des thalles sur le corps. Le locus d’infection est le front de la tête chez Myrmica rubra et M. sabuleti, alors que chez M. scabrinodis, le lieu d’infection diffère entre les ouvrières de Hongrie (tergites abdominaux) et des Pays-Bas (front de la tête). Les explications possibles de ces observations sont les différences entre les espèces hôtes et entre les populations de la même espèce en ce qui concerne (i) le contact des ouvrières avec le champignon, (ii) l’efficacité du toilettage et (iii) les caractéristiques de la surface de la cuticule.

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            Sequence-based species delimitation for the DNA taxonomy of undescribed insects.

            Cataloging the very large number of undescribed species of insects could be greatly accelerated by automated DNA based approaches, but procedures for large-scale species discovery from sequence data are currently lacking. Here, we use mitochondrial DNA variation to delimit species in a poorly known beetle radiation in the genus Rivacindela from arid Australia. Among 468 individuals sampled from 65 sites and multiple morphologically distinguishable types, sequence variation in three mtDNA genes (cytochrome oxidase subunit 1, cytochrome b, 16S ribosomal RNA) was strongly partitioned between 46 or 47 putative species identified with quantitative methods of species recognition based on fixed unique ("diagnostic") characters. The boundaries between groups were also recognizable from a striking increase in branching rate in clock-constrained calibrated trees. Models of stochastic lineage growth (Yule models) were combined with coalescence theory to develop a new likelihood method that determines the point of transition from species-level (speciation and extinction) to population-level (coalescence) evolutionary processes. Fitting the location of the switches from speciation to coalescent nodes on the ultrametric tree of Rivacindela produced a transition in branching rate occurring at 0.43 Mya, leading to an estimate of 48 putative species (confidence interval for the threshold ranging from 47 to 51 clusters within 2 logL units). Entities delimited in this way exhibited biological properties of traditionally defined species, showing coherence of geographic ranges, broad congruence with morphologically recognized species, and levels of sequence divergence typical for closely related species of insects. The finding of discontinuous evolutionary groupings that are readily apparent in patterns of sequence variation permits largely automated species delineation from DNA surveys of local communities as a scaffold for taxonomy in this poorly known insect group.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Parasite
                Parasite
                parasite
                Parasite
                EDP Sciences
                1252-607X
                1776-1042
                2019
                20 May 2019
                : 26
                : ( publisher-idID: parasite/2019/01 )
                : 29
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Farlow Reference Library and Herbarium of Cryptogamic Botany, Harvard University 22 Divinity Avenue Cambridge MA 02138 USA
                [2 ] Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia Branišovská 31 37005 České Budějovice Czech Republic
                [3 ] Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University 915 W. State Street West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
                [4 ] Gemene Bos 12 1861 HG Bergen The Netherlands
                [5 ] Department of Evolutionary Zoology and Human Biology, University of Debrecen Egyetem tér 1 4032 Debrecen Hungary
                [6 ] Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 15 2100 København Ø Denmark
                [7 ] Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Debrecen Egyetem tér 1 4032 Debrecen Hungary
                [8 ] Meise Botanic Garden Nieuwelaan 38 1860 Meise Belgium
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author: danny.haelewaters@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                parasite190013 10.1051/parasite/2019028
                10.1051/parasite/2019028
                6526729
                31106730
                0fd51a2a-eeab-47a0-84b2-e56607fa8a48
                © D. Haelewaters et al., published by EDP Sciences, 2019

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 06 February 2019
                : 20 April 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 8, Tables: 8, Equations: 0, References: 79, Pages: 17
                Categories
                Research Article

                ant-associated fungi,laboulbeniomycetes,molecular evolution,ribosomal dna,thallus density

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