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      Lumbar disc degeneration and genetic factors are the main risk factors for low back pain in women: the UK Twin Spine Study

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          Abstract

          Objective

          Low back pain (LBP) is a common musculoskeletal disorder, but it is still unclear which individuals develop it. The authors examined the contribution of genetic factors, lumbar disc degeneration (LDD) and other risk factors in a female sample of the general population.

          Material and Methods

          A cross-sectional study was conducted among 2256 women (371 and 698 monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs and 29 sibling pairs and 60 singletons) with a mean age of 50 years (18–84). A self-reported validated questionnaire was used to collect back pain data. Risk factors including body weight, smoking, occupation, physical exercise and MRI assessed LDD were measured. Data analysis included logistic regression and variance decomposition.

          Results

          The major factors associated with LBP included genetic background, with OR approximately 6 if the monozygotic co-twin had LBP, or 2.2 if she was a dizygotic co-twin. In addition, LDD and overweight were highly significantly (p<0.001) associated with non-specific LBP. The single most important risk factor was the amount of LDD. After adjustment for other risk factors, the individuals who exhibited advanced LDD (90% vs 10%) had 3.2 higher odds of manifesting LBP. The data also showed a significant (p<0.001) genetic correlation between the LBP and LDD measurements, suggesting that approximately 11–13% of the genetic effects are shared by LDD and LBP.

          Conclusions

          The main risk factors for reported episodes of severe and disabling LBP in UK women include the degree of LDD as assessed by MRI, being overweight and genetic heritability.

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          Prevalence and pattern of lumbar magnetic resonance imaging changes in a population study of one thousand forty-three individuals.

          Kenneth M. C. Cheung, Jaro Karppinen, Danny Chan … (2009)
          A cross-sectional population study of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) changes. OBJECTIVE.: To examine the pattern and prevalence of lumbar spine MRI changes within a southern Chinese population and their relationship with back pain. Previous studies on MRI changes and back pain have used populations of asymptomatic individuals or patients presenting with back pain and sciatica. Thus, the prevalence and pattern of intervertebral disc degeneration within the population is not known. Lumbar spine MRIs were obtained in 1043 volunteers between 18 to 55 years of age. MRI changes including disc degeneration, herniation, anular tears (HIZ), and Schmorl's nodes were noted by 2 independent observers. Differences were settled by consensus. Disc degeneration was graded using Schneiderman's classification, and a total score (DDD score) was calculated by the summation of the Schneiderman's score for each lumbar level. A K-mean clustering program was used to group individuals into different patterns of degeneration. Forty percent of individuals under 30 years of age had lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration (LDD), the prevalence of LDD increasing progressively to over 90% by 50 to 55 years of age. There was a positive correlation between the DDD score and low back pain. L5-S1 and L4-L5 were the most commonly affected levels. Apart from the usual patterns of degeneration, some uncommon patterns of degeneration were identified, comprising of subjects with skip level lesions (intervening normal levels) and isolated upper or mid lumbar degeneration. LDD is common, and its incidence increases with age. In a population setting, there is a significant association of LDD on MRI with back pain.
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            The association between obesity and low back pain: a meta-analysis.

            Rahman Shiri, Jaro Karppinen, Päivi Leino-Arjas … (2010)
            This meta-analysis assessed the association between overweight/obesity and low back pain. The authors systematically searched the Medline (National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland) and Embase (Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Netherlands) databases until May 2009. Ninety-five studies were reviewed and 33 included in the meta-analyses. In cross-sectional studies, obesity was associated with increased prevalence of low back pain in the past 12 months (pooled odds ratio (OR) = 1.33, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.14, 1.54), seeking care for low back pain (OR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.46, 1.67), and chronic low back pain (OR = 1.43, 95% CI: 1.28, 1.60). Compared with non-overweight people, overweight people had a higher prevalence of low back pain but a lower prevalence of low back pain compared with obese people. In cohort studies, only obesity was associated with increased incidence of low back pain for > or =1 day in the past 12 months (OR = 1.53, 95% CI: 1.22, 1.92). Results remained consistent after adjusting for publication bias and limiting the analyses to studies that controlled for potential confounders. Findings indicate that overweight and obesity increase the risk of low back pain. Overweight and obesity have the strongest association with seeking care for low back pain and chronic low back pain.
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              The association between smoking and low back pain: a meta-analysis.

              Rahman Shiri, Jaro Karppinen, Päivi Leino-Arjas … (2010)
              To assess the association between smoking and low back pain with meta-analysis. We conducted a systematic search of the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases until February 2009. Eighty-one studies were reviewed and 40 (27 cross-sectional and 13 cohort) studies were included in the meta-analyses. In cross-sectional studies, current smoking was associated with increased prevalence of low back pain in the past month (pooled odds ratio [OR] 1.30, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.16-1.45), low back pain in the past 12 months (OR 1.33, 95% CI, 1.26-1.41), seeking care for low back pain (OR 1.49, 95% CI, 1.38-1.60), chronic low back pain (OR 1.79, 95% CI, 1.27-2.50) and disabling low back pain (OR 2.14, 95% CI, 1.11-4.13). Former smokers had a higher prevalence of low back pain compared with never smokers, but a lower prevalence of low back pain than current smokers. In cohort studies, both former (OR 1.32, 95% CI, 0.99-1.77) and current (OR 1.31, 95% CI, 1.11-1.55) smokers had an increased incidence of low back pain compared with never smokers. The association between current smoking and the incidence of low back pain was stronger in adolescents (OR 1.82, 95% CI, 1.42-2.33) than in adults (OR 1.16, 95% CI, 1.02-1.32). Our findings indicate that both current and former smokers have a higher prevalence and incidence of low back pain than never smokers, but the association is fairly modest. The association between current smoking and the incidence of low back pain is stronger in adolescents than in adults. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Ann Rheum Dis
                Journal ID (hwp): annrheumdis
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ard
                Title: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases
                Publisher: BMJ Group (BMA House, Tavistock Square, London, WC1H 9JR )
                ISSN (Print): 0003-4967
                ISSN (Electronic): 1468-2060
                Publication date Collection: 1 October 2011
                Publication date (Electronic): 6 June 2011
                Volume: 70
                Issue: 10
                Pages: 1740-1745
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
                [2 ]Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
                [3 ]Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
                [4 ]School of Medicine, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
                Author notes
                Correspondence to Dr Frances M K Williams, Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK; frances.williams@ 123456kcl.ac.uk
                Article
                Publisher ID: annrheumdis-2010-137836
                DOI: 10.1136/ard.2010.137836
                PMC ID: 3171106
                PubMed ID: 21646416
                SO-VID: 0fe77528-7d9f-4168-9569-9c527eadef06
                Copyright © Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial License, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non commercial and is otherwise in compliance with the license. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/ and http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/legalcode.

                History
                Date accepted : 1 May 2011
                Categories
                Subject: Clinical and Epidemiological Research
                Subject: 1506
                Series title: Extended report
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                ScienceOpen disciplines: Immunology
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                ScienceOpen disciplines: Immunology

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