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      Population Genomics of Herbicide Resistance: Adaptation via Evolutionary Rescue

      1 , ,   1
      Annual Review of Plant Biology
      Annual Reviews

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          The hitch-hiking effect of a favourable gene

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            Soft sweeps: molecular population genetics of adaptation from standing genetic variation.

            A population can adapt to a rapid environmental change or habitat expansion in two ways. It may adapt either through new beneficial mutations that subsequently sweep through the population or by using alleles from the standing genetic variation. We use diffusion theory to calculate the probabilities for selective adaptations and find a large increase in the fixation probability for weak substitutions, if alleles originate from the standing genetic variation. We then determine the parameter regions where each scenario-standing variation vs. new mutations-is more likely. Adaptations from the standing genetic variation are favored if either the selective advantage is weak or the selection coefficient and the mutation rate are both high. Finally, we analyze the probability of "soft sweeps," where multiple copies of the selected allele contribute to a substitution, and discuss the consequences for the footprint of selection on linked neutral variation. We find that soft sweeps with weaker selective footprints are likely under both scenarios if the mutation rate and/or the selection coefficient is high.
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              The genetics of human adaptation: hard sweeps, soft sweeps, and polygenic adaptation.

              There has long been interest in understanding the genetic basis of human adaptation. To what extent are phenotypic differences among human populations driven by natural selection? With the recent arrival of large genome-wide data sets on human variation, there is now unprecedented opportunity for progress on this type of question. Several lines of evidence argue for an important role of positive selection in shaping human variation and differences among populations. These include studies of comparative morphology and physiology, as well as population genetic studies of candidate loci and genome-wide data. However, the data also suggest that it is unusual for strong selection to drive new mutations rapidly to fixation in particular populations (the 'hard sweep' model). We argue, instead, for alternatives to the hard sweep model: in particular, polygenic adaptation could allow rapid adaptation while not producing classical signatures of selective sweeps. We close by discussing some of the likely opportunities for progress in the field. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Annual Review of Plant Biology
                Annu. Rev. Plant Biol.
                Annual Reviews
                1543-5008
                1545-2123
                April 29 2018
                April 29 2018
                : 69
                : 1
                : 611-635
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada;, ,
                Article
                10.1146/annurev-arplant-042817-040038
                29140727
                0feb7eeb-5298-41f5-813d-81acefe612a7
                © 2018
                History

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