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      The locust genome provides insight into swarm formation and long-distance flight

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      Nature Communications
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          Abstract

          Locusts are one of the world’s most destructive agricultural pests and represent a useful model system in entomology. Here we present a draft 6.5 Gb genome sequence of Locusta migratoria, which is the largest animal genome sequenced so far. Our findings indicate that the large genome size of L. migratoria is likely to be because of transposable element proliferation combined with slow rates of loss for these elements. Methylome and transcriptome analyses reveal complex regulatory mechanisms involved in microtubule dynamic-mediated synapse plasticity during phase change. We find significant expansion of gene families associated with energy consumption and detoxification, consistent with long-distance flight capacity and phytophagy. We report hundreds of potential insecticide target genes, including cys-loop ligand-gated ion channels, G-protein-coupled receptors and lethal genes. The L. migratoria genome sequence offers new insights into the biology and sustainable management of this pest species, and will promote its wide use as a model system.

          Abstract

          Locusts are destructive agricultural pests and serve as a model organism for studies of insects. Here, the authors report a draft genome sequence of the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria, and provide insight into genes associated with key survival traits such as phase-change, long-distance migration and feeding.

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          The genetics of inbreeding depression.

          Inbreeding depression - the reduced survival and fertility of offspring of related individuals - occurs in wild animal and plant populations as well as in humans, indicating that genetic variation in fitness traits exists in natural populations. Inbreeding depression is important in the evolution of outcrossing mating systems and, because intercrossing inbred strains improves yield (heterosis), which is important in crop breeding, the genetic basis of these effects has been debated since the early twentieth century. Classical genetic studies and modern molecular evolutionary approaches now suggest that inbreeding depression and heterosis are predominantly caused by the presence of recessive deleterious mutations in populations.
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            Mechanisms of dsRNA uptake in insects and potential of RNAi for pest control: a review.

            RNA interference already proved its usefulness in functional genomic research on insects, but it also has considerable potential for the control of pest insects. For this purpose, the insect should be able to autonomously take up the dsRNA, for example through feeding and digestion in its midgut. In this review we bring together current knowledge on the uptake mechanisms of dsRNA in insects and the potential of RNAi to affect pest insects. At least two pathways for dsRNA uptake in insects are described: the transmembrane channel-mediated uptake mechanism based on Caenorhabditis elegans' SID-1 protein and an 'alternative' endocytosis-mediated uptake mechanism. In the second part of the review dsRNA feeding experiments on insects are brought together for the first time, highlighting the achievement of implementing RNAi in insect control with the first successful experiments in transgenic plants and the diversity of successfully tested insect orders/species and target genes. We conclude with points of discussion and concerns regarding further research on dsRNA uptake mechanisms and the promising application possibilities for RNAi in insect control. Copyright (c) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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              The evolutionary ecology of insect resistance to plant chemicals.

              Understanding the diversity of insect responses to chemical pressures (e.g. plant allelochemicals and pesticides) in their local ecological context represents a key challenge in developing durable pest control strategies. To what extent do the resistance mechanisms evolved by insects to deal with the chemical defences of plants differ from those that have evolved to resist insecticides? Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of insect resistance to plant chemicals, with a special emphasis on their underlying molecular basis, evaluate costs associated with each resistance trait, and discuss the ecological and evolutionary significance of these findings.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Nat Commun
                Nat Commun
                Nature Communications
                Nature Pub. Group
                2041-1723
                14 January 2014
                : 5
                : 2957
                Affiliations
                [1 ]State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
                [2 ]BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone , Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China
                [3 ]Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
                [4 ]CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
                Author notes
                Article
                ncomms3957
                10.1038/ncomms3957
                3896762
                24423660
                0fef35dd-245b-44f8-a331-b7d364da0f90
                Copyright © 2014, Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved.

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/

                History
                : 06 August 2013
                : 19 November 2013
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