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      Cost effective technologies and renewable substrates for biosurfactants’ production

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          Abstract

          Diverse types of microbial surface active amphiphilic molecules are produced by a range of microbial communities. The extraordinary properties of biosurfactant/bioemulsifier (BS/BE) as surface active products allows them to have key roles in various field of applications such as bioremediation, biodegradation, enhanced oil recovery, pharmaceutics, food processing among many others. This leads to a vast number of potential applications of these BS/BE in different industrial sectors. Despite the huge number of reports and patents describing BS and BE applications and advantages, commercialization of these compounds remain difficult, costly and to a large extent irregular. This is mainly due to the usage of chemically synthesized media for growing producing microorganism and in turn the production of preferred quality products. It is important to note that although a number of developments have taken place in the field of BS industries, large scale production remains economically challenging for many types of these products. This is mainly due to the huge monetary difference between the investment and achievable productivity from the commercial point of view. This review discusses low cost, renewable raw substrates, and fermentation technology in BS/BE production processes and their role in reducing the production cost.

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          Microbial biosurfactants production, applications and future potential.

          Microorganisms synthesise a wide range of surface-active compounds (SAC), generally called biosurfactants. These compounds are mainly classified according to their molecular weight, physico-chemical properties and mode of action. The low-molecular-weight SACs or biosurfactants reduce the surface tension at the air/water interfaces and the interfacial tension at oil/water interfaces, whereas the high-molecular-weight SACs, also called bioemulsifiers, are more effective in stabilising oil-in-water emulsions. Biosurfactants are attracting much interest due to their potential advantages over their synthetic counterparts in many fields spanning environmental, food, biomedical, and other industrial applications. Their large-scale application and production, however, are currently limited by the high cost of production and by limited understanding of their interactions with cells and with the abiotic environment. In this paper, we review the current knowledge and the latest advances in biosurfactant applications and the biotechnological strategies being developed for improving production processes and future potential.
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            Potential commercial applications of microbial surfactants.

            Surfactants are surface-active compounds capable of reducing surface and interfacial tension at the interfaces between liquids, solids and gases, thereby allowing them to mix or disperse readily as emulsions in water or other liquids. The enormous market demand for surfactants is currently met by numerous synthetic, mainly petroleum-based, chemical surfactants. These compounds are usually toxic to the environment and non-biodegradable. They may bio-accumulate and their production, processes and by-products can be environmentally hazardous. Tightening environmental regulations and increasing awareness for the need to protect the ecosystem have effectively resulted in an increasing interest in biosurfactants as possible alternatives to chemical surfactants. Biosurfactants are amphiphilic compounds of microbial origin with considerable potential in commercial applications within various industries. They have advantages over their chemical counterparts in biodegradability and effectiveness at extreme temperature or pH and in having lower toxicity. Biosurfactants are beginning to acquire a status as potential performance-effective molecules in various fields. At present biosurfactants are mainly used in studies on enhanced oil recovery and hydrocarbon bioremediation. The solubilization and emulsification of toxic chemicals by biosurfactants have also been reported. Biosurfactants also have potential applications in agriculture, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, detergents, personal care products, food processing, textile manufacturing, laundry supplies, metal treatment and processing, pulp and paper processing and paint industries. Their uses and potential commercial applications in these fields are reviewed.
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              Biosurfactants: potential applications in medicine.

              The use and potential commercial application of biosurfactants in the medical field has increased during the past decade. Their antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activities make them relevant molecules for applications in combating many diseases and as therapeutic agents. In addition, their role as anti-adhesive agents against several pathogens indicates their utility as suitable anti-adhesive coating agents for medical insertional materials leading to a reduction in a large number of hospital infections without the use of synthetic drugs and chemicals. This review looks at medicinal and therapeutic perspectives on biosurfactant applications.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Microbiol
                Front Microbiol
                Front. Microbiol.
                Frontiers in Microbiology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-302X
                12 December 2014
                2014
                : 5
                : 697
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster Coleraine, UK
                [2] 2Center for Advanced Studies in Materials Science and Condensed Matter Physics, Department of Physics, Savitribai Phule Pune University Pune, India
                [3] 3Institute of Microbial Technology Chandigarh, India
                [4] 4Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University Pune, India
                [5] 5Department of Zoology, Sir Parashurambhau College Pune, India
                Author notes

                Edited by: Pattanathu K. S. M. Rahman, Teesside University, UK

                Reviewed by: Giuseppe Spano, University of Foggia, Italy; Christopher L. Hemme, University of Oklahoma, USA

                *Correspondence: Ibrahim M. Banat, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK e-mail: im.banat@ 123456ulster.ac.uk

                This article was submitted to Microbiotechnology, Ecotoxicology and Bioremediation, a section of the journal Frontiers in Microbiology.

                Article
                10.3389/fmicb.2014.00697
                4264478
                24478763
                0ffe0fe5-efa6-45f8-af3f-f1ae946638fa
                Copyright © 2014 Banat, Satpute, Cameotra, Patil and Nyayanit.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 12 October 2014
                : 25 November 2014
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 4, Equations: 0, References: 148, Pages: 18, Words: 0
                Categories
                Microbiology
                Review Article

                Microbiology & Virology
                biosurfactants,bioemulsifiers,fermentation,renewable,substrates,sustainable
                Microbiology & Virology
                biosurfactants, bioemulsifiers, fermentation, renewable, substrates, sustainable

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