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      Why we Should Rethink Our Approach to Embodiment and Presence

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      Frontiers in Virtual Reality
      Frontiers Media SA

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          Abstract

          When interacting with objects in the environment, it feels natural to have a body which moves in accordance to our intentions. Virtual reality (VR) provides a tool to present users with an alternative virtual body and environment. In VR, humans embody the presented virtual body and feel present in the virtual environment. Thus, embodiment and presence frequently co-occur and share some communalities. Nevertheless, both processes have been hardly considered together. Here, we review the current literature on embodiment and presence and present a new conceptual framework, the Implied Body Framework (IBF), which unifies both processes into one single construct. The IBF can be used to generate new hypotheses to further improve the theoretical conceptualisation of embodiment and presence and thus, facilitate its transfer into application.

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          Predictive coding in the visual cortex: a functional interpretation of some extra-classical receptive-field effects.

          We describe a model of visual processing in which feedback connections from a higher- to a lower-order visual cortical area carry predictions of lower-level neural activities, whereas the feedforward connections carry the residual errors between the predictions and the actual lower-level activities. When exposed to natural images, a hierarchical network of model neurons implementing such a model developed simple-cell-like receptive fields. A subset of neurons responsible for carrying the residual errors showed endstopping and other extra-classical receptive-field effects. These results suggest that rather than being exclusively feedforward phenomena, nonclassical surround effects in the visual cortex may also result from cortico-cortical feedback as a consequence of the visual system using an efficient hierarchical strategy for encoding natural images.
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            Measuring Presence in Virtual Environments: A Presence Questionnaire

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              The free-energy principle: a rough guide to the brain?

              This article reviews a free-energy formulation that advances Helmholtz's agenda to find principles of brain function based on conservation laws and neuronal energy. It rests on advances in statistical physics, theoretical biology and machine learning to explain a remarkable range of facts about brain structure and function. We could have just scratched the surface of what this formulation offers; for example, it is becoming clear that the Bayesian brain is just one facet of the free-energy principle and that perception is an inevitable consequence of active exchange with the environment. Furthermore, one can see easily how constructs like memory, attention, value, reinforcement and salience might disclose their simple relationships within this framework.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Frontiers in Virtual Reality
                Front. Virtual Real.
                Frontiers Media SA
                2673-4192
                July 4 2022
                July 4 2022
                : 3
                Article
                10.3389/frvir.2022.838369
                10175753-8835-4071-b0f8-e7f6ce977147
                © 2022

                Free to read

                https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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