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      The Development of Theory of Mind and Positive and Negative Reciprocity in Preschool Children

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          Abstract

          This study examined the relation between the acquisition of false-beliefs theory of mind (ToM) and reciprocity in preschoolers. Preschool-aged children completed a task assessing the understanding of false beliefs, and played an Ultimatum Game (UG) with another child in a face-to-face setting. Negative reciprocity was assessed by examining the rejection of unfair offers made by another child in the UG, while positive reciprocity was assessed by examining allocations made by participants in a Dictator Game (DG) following the UG. The results indicated that children who had passed a task assessing first-order false beliefs were more likely to make generous offers in a DG following a fair offer made by their partner in a proceeding UG, but that false beliefs ToM was unrelated to the rejection of unfair offers in the UG.

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          Most cited references39

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          The Norm of Reciprocity: A Preliminary Statement

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            A theory of reciprocity

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              Functional imaging of ‘theory of mind’

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Psychol
                Front Psychol
                Front. Psychol.
                Frontiers in Psychology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-1078
                29 June 2016
                2016
                : 7
                : 888
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Department of Psychology, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg VA, USA
                [2] 2Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University Tokyo, Japan
                [3] 3Department of Engineering, Tamagawa University Tokyo, Japan
                Author notes

                Edited by: Yusuke Moriguchi, Kyoto University, Japan

                Reviewed by: Frank Krueger, George Mason University, USA; Mark Sheskin, École Normale Supérieure, France; Antonella Marchetti, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Italy

                *Correspondence: Joanna Schug, jschug@ 123456wm.edu

                This article was submitted to Developmental Psychology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychology

                Article
                10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00888
                4925699
                27445881
                101f1220-ea1b-410d-9b7f-fad933a7649e
                Copyright © 2016 Schug, Takagishi, Benech and Okada.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 31 December 2015
                : 30 May 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 3, Equations: 0, References: 55, Pages: 9, Words: 0
                Funding
                Funded by: Japan Society for the Promotion of Science 10.13039/501100001691
                Award ID: 25330176
                Categories
                Psychology
                Original Research

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                economic games,reciprocity,theory of mind,preschoolers
                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                economic games, reciprocity, theory of mind, preschoolers

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