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      Synthesis of silver nanoparticles: chemical, physical and biological methods

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          Abstract

          Silver nanoparticles (NPs) have been the subjects of researchers because of their unique properties ( e.g., size and shape depending optical, antimicrobial, and electrical properties). A variety of preparation techniques have been reported for the synthesis of silver NPs; notable examples include, laser ablation, gamma irradiation, electron irradiation, chemical reduction, photochemical methods, microwave processing, and biological synthetic methods. This review presents an overview of silver nanoparticle preparation by physical, chemical, and biological synthesis. The aim of this review article is, therefore, to reflect on the current state and future prospects, especially the potentials and limitations of the above mentioned techniques for industries.

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          Silver colloid nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization, and their antibacterial activity.

          A one-step simple synthesis of silver colloid nanoparticles with controllable sizes is presented. In this synthesis, reduction of [Ag(NH(3))(2)](+) complex cation by four saccharides was performed. Four saccharides were used: two monosaccharides (glucose and galactose) and two disaccharides (maltose and lactose). The syntheses performed at various ammonia concentrations (0.005-0.20 mol L(-1)) and pH conditions (11.5-13.0) produced a wide range of particle sizes (25-450 nm) with narrow size distributions, especially at the lowest ammonia concentrations. The average size, size distribution, morphology, and structure of particles were determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and UV/Visible absorption spectrophotometry. The influence of the saccharide structure (monosacharides versus disaccharides) on the size of silver particles is briefly discussed. The reduction of [Ag(NH(3))(2)](+) by maltose produced silver particles with a narrow size distribution with an average size of 25 nm, which showed high antimicrobial and bactericidal activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including highly multiresistant strains such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles was found to be dependent on the size of silver particles. A very low concentration of silver (as low as 1.69 mug/mL Ag) gave antibacterial performance.
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            Rapid biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles using plant leaf extracts.

            Five plant leaf extracts (Pine, Persimmon, Ginkgo, Magnolia and Platanus) were used and compared for their extracellular synthesis of metallic silver nanoparticles. Stable silver nanoparticles were formed by treating aqueous solution of AgNO(3) with the plant leaf extracts as reducing agent of Ag(+) to Ag(0). UV-visible spectroscopy was used to monitor the quantitative formation of silver nanoparticles. Magnolia leaf broth was the best reducing agent in terms of synthesis rate and conversion to silver nanoparticles. Only 11 min was required for more than 90% conversion at the reaction temperature of 95 degrees C using Magnolia leaf broth. The synthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized with inductively coupled plasma spectrometry (ICP), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and particle analyzer. The average particle size ranged from 15 to 500 nm. The particle size could be controlled by changing the reaction temperature, leaf broth concentration and AgNO(3) concentration. This environmentally friendly method of biological silver nanoparticles production provides rates of synthesis faster or comparable to those of chemical methods and can potentially be used in various human contacting areas such as cosmetics, foods and medical applications.
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              Silver-based crystalline nanoparticles, microbially fabricated

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Res Pharm Sci
                Res Pharm Sci
                RPS
                Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences
                Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd (India )
                1735-5362
                1735-9414
                Nov-Dec 2014
                : 9
                : 6
                : 385-406
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Pharmacognosy and Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
                [2 ] Department of Genetics & Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
                [3 ] School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author: S. Iravani Tel. 0098 913 2651091, Fax. 0098 311 6251011 Email: siavashira@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                RPS-9-385
                4326978
                26339255
                10222bef-00a0-42ba-a957-7c4f45271603
                Copyright: © Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : August 2013
                : October 2013
                Categories
                Review Article

                Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                nanoparticle synthesis,silver nanoparticles,physical synthesis,chemical synthesis,biological synthesis

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