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      Self-rated chronic conditions and 2-week prevalence in adults in Zhongshan, China: an epidemiological survey

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          Abstract

          Objective

          To examine the association between behavioural factors and the risk of chronic conditions and 2-week prevalence.

          Design

          This was a cross-sectional survey.

          Setting

          The study was conducted in Zhongshan, China.

          Participants

          A multistage clustering sampling method was used to select a representative sample of residents from the household registration system between July and September 2011. The overall sample replacement rate was 9.4%, and the final sample included 43 028 individuals.

          Outcome measures

          Chronic conditions and 2-week prevalence.

          Results

          4979 (11.6%) of the participants reported having at least one chronic condition, 1067 (2.5%) had two or more concurrent chronic conditions, and 6830 (15.9%) reported having at least one disease in a 2-week recall period. The most common chronic condition was primary hypertension, which was reported by 6.8% of participants. Logistic regression models demonstrated that the main factors for having a chronic condition and 2-week prevalence were older age (≥65 years of age; OR 44.91, 95% CI 33.05 to 61.03; and OR 12.71, 95% CI 10.44 to 15.46, respectively), obesity (OR 3.00, 95% CI 2.63 to 3.42; and OR 2.50, 95% CI 2.22 to 2.82, respectively) and being a former smoker (OR 3.02, 95% CI 2.54 to 3.58; and OR 3.24, 95% CI 2.74 to 3.82, respectively).

          Conclusions

          This study suggests that older age, obesity and unhealthy behaviours are high-risk factors for poorer health status among the residents of Zhongshan, China. The present findings highlight the importance of recognising and managing harmful behaviours in order to improve health.

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          Most cited references10

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          A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010

          The Lancet, 380(9859), 2224-2260
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            Preventing chronic diseases: how many lives can we save?

            35 million people will die in 2005 from heart disease, stroke, cancer, and other chronic diseases. Only 20% of these deaths will be in high-income countries--while 80% will occur in low-income and middle-income countries. The death rates from these potentially preventable diseases are higher in low-income and middle-income countries than in high-income countries, especially among adults aged 30-69 years. The impact on men and women is similar. We propose a new goal for reducing deaths from chronic disease to focus prevention and control efforts among those concerned about international health. This goal-to reduce chronic disease death rates by an additional 2% annually--would avert 36 million deaths by 2015. An additional benefit will be a gain of about 500 million years of life over the 10 years from 2006 to 2015. Most of these averted deaths and life-years gained will be in low-income and middle-income countries, and just under half will be in people younger than 70 years. We base the global goal on worldwide projections of deaths by cause for 2005 and 2015. The data are presented for the world, selected countries, and World Bank income groups.
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              Prevalence of multiple chronic disease risk factors. 2001 National Health Interview Survey.

              Four common factors--cigarette smoking, risky drinking of alcoholic beverages, physical inactivity, and overweight--contribute substantially to chronic disease prevalence. We used data from the 2001 National Health Interview Survey to provide an up-to-date picture of multiple risk factor prevalence and clustering in the U.S. population. We conducted a multinomial logit analysis to examine the independent association between each covariate and the dependent ordinal risk factor variable with three levels (none or one risk factor, two risk factors, and three or four risk factors). Seventeen percent of the sample of 29,183 subjects had three or more risk factors. For the entire sample, the mean number of risk factors was 1.68 (95% confidence interval [CI]=1.66-1.70). Many demographic and health factors were significantly associated with the mean number of risk factors including gender, age, ethnic/racial categories, education, martial status, presence of chronic diseases, level of mental distress, country of birth, and presence and type of health insurance. Using the risk factor score as the ordinal dependent variable, adjusted odds for having a risk score of three or four versus zero or one were as follows: men aged <65, 2.49 (95% CI=2.29-2.72); education attainment of high school graduate or less, 3.24 (95% CI=2.86-3.67); and individuals with high levels of mental distress, 2.06 (95% CI=1.65-2.58). Our analyses confirm earlier reports of the high prevalence of multiple, clustered behavioral risk factors and underline the challenge this presents for primary care and public health systems.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                BMJ Open
                BMJ Open
                bmjopen
                bmjopen
                BMJ Open
                BMJ Publishing Group (BMA House, Tavistock Square, London, WC1H 9JR )
                2044-6055
                2015
                11 November 2015
                : 5
                : 11
                : e008441
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Prevention Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou, China
                [2 ]School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
                [3 ]Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Science , Guangzhou, China
                [4 ]School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou, China
                [5 ]Laboratory Department, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou, China
                [6 ]Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina, USA
                Author notes
                [Correspondence to ] Dr Qingshan Geng; gengqs2010@ 123456163.com

                CZ and XS contributed equally.

                Article
                bmjopen-2015-008441
                10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008441
                4654384
                26560055
                102599f9-0687-4296-9eb2-7db79eae23b0
                Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/

                This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/

                History
                : 8 April 2015
                : 24 September 2015
                : 14 October 2015
                Categories
                Epidemiology
                Research
                1506
                1692
                1724

                Medicine
                epidemiology,public health,chronic condition
                Medicine
                epidemiology, public health, chronic condition

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