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      Advances in Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy-Based Sensing Techniques for Exhaled Breath Diagnostics

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          Abstract

          Human exhaled breath consists of more than 3000 volatile organic compounds, many of which are relevant biomarkers for various diseases. Although gas chromatography has been the gold standard for volatile organic compound (VOC) detection in exhaled breath, recent developments in mid-infrared (MIR) laser spectroscopy have led to the promise of compact point-of-care (POC) optical instruments enabling even single breath diagnostics. In this review, we discuss the evolution of MIR sensing technologies with a special focus on photoacoustic spectroscopy, and its application in exhaled breath biomarker detection. While mid-infrared point-of-care instrumentation promises high sensitivity and inherent molecular selectivity, the lack of standardization of the various techniques has to be overcome for translating these techniques into more widespread real-time clinical use.

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          Diagnostic potential of breath analysis--focus on volatile organic compounds.

          Wolfram Miekisch, Jochen K. Schubert, Gabriele Noeldge-Schomburg (2004)
          Breath analysis has attracted a considerable amount of scientific and clinical interest during the last decade. In contrast to NO, which is predominantly generated in the bronchial system, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are mainly blood borne and therefore enable monitoring of different processes in the body. Exhaled ethane and pentane concentrations were elevated in inflammatory diseases. Acetone was linked to dextrose metabolism and lipolysis. Exhaled isoprene concentrations showed correlations with cholesterol biosynthesis. Exhaled levels of sulphur-containing compounds were elevated in liver failure and allograft rejection. Looking at a set of volatile markers may enable recognition and diagnosis of complex diseases such as lung or breast cancer. Due to technical problems of sampling and analysis and a lack of normalization and standardization, huge variations exist between results of different studies. This is among the main reasons why breath analysis could not yet been introduced into clinical practice. This review addresses the basic principles of breath analysis and the diagnostic potential of different volatile breath markers. Analytical procedures, issues concerning biochemistry and exhalation mechanisms of volatile substances, and future developments will be discussed.
          Article 0 comments Cited 207 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Quantitative Analysis of Urine Vapor and Breath by Gas-Liquid Partition Chromatography

            L Pauling, A Robinson, R Teranishi … (1971)
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              Breath Analysis Using Laser Spectroscopic Techniques: Breath Biomarkers, Spectral Fingerprints, and Detection Limits

              Chuji Wang, Peeyush Sahay (2009)
              Breath analysis, a promising new field of medicine and medical instrumentation, potentially offers noninvasive, real-time, and point-of-care (POC) disease diagnostics and metabolic status monitoring. Numerous breath biomarkers have been detected and quantified so far by using the GC-MS technique. Recent advances in laser spectroscopic techniques and laser sources have driven breath analysis to new heights, moving from laboratory research to commercial reality. Laser spectroscopic detection techniques not only have high-sensitivity and high-selectivity, as equivalently offered by the MS-based techniques, but also have the advantageous features of near real-time response, low instrument costs, and POC function. Of the approximately 35 established breath biomarkers, such as acetone, ammonia, carbon dioxide, ethane, methane, and nitric oxide, 14 species in exhaled human breath have been analyzed by high-sensitivity laser spectroscopic techniques, namely, tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS), cavity ringdown spectroscopy (CRDS), integrated cavity output spectroscopy (ICOS), cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy (CEAS), cavity leak-out spectroscopy (CALOS), photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS), quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS), and optical frequency comb cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy (OFC-CEAS). Spectral fingerprints of the measured biomarkers span from the UV to the mid-IR spectral regions and the detection limits achieved by the laser techniques range from parts per million to parts per billion levels. Sensors using the laser spectroscopic techniques for a few breath biomarkers, e.g., carbon dioxide, nitric oxide, etc. are commercially available. This review presents an update on the latest developments in laser-based breath analysis.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Cristina Achim: Role: Academic Editor
                Mioara Bercu: Role: Academic Editor
                Ana Bratu: Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Molecules
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Molecules
                Journal ID (publisher-id): molecules
                Title: Molecules
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1420-3049
                Publication date (Electronic): 09 May 2020
                Publication date Collection: May 2020
                Volume: 25
                Issue: 9
                Electronic Location Identifier: 2227
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India; njvasa@ 123456iitm.ac.in
                [2 ]Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India; snagendra@ 123456iitm.ac.in
                [3 ]Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany; boris.mizaikoff@ 123456uni-ulm.de
                Author notes
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7381-2411
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6986-8858
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2575-4063
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5583-7962
                Article
                Publisher ID: molecules-25-02227
                DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092227
                PMC ID: 7249025
                PubMed ID: 32397389
                SO-VID: 102879a0-34fe-4a56-8292-0f9d21dc481d
                Copyright © © 2020 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 03 April 2020
                Date accepted : 29 April 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: exhaled breath analysis,mid-infrared,mir,non-invasive diagnostics,point-of-care (poc),infrared lasers,photoacoustic spectroscopy,quantum cascade lasers,qcl,biomarkers
                Data availability:
                Keywords: exhaled breath analysis, mid-infrared, mir, non-invasive diagnostics, point-of-care (poc), infrared lasers, photoacoustic spectroscopy, quantum cascade lasers, qcl, biomarkers

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