Guar-Based Injectable Thermoresponsive Hydrogel as a Scaffold for Bone Cell Growth and Controlled Drug Delivery

Abstract

In this study, an injectable thermoresponsive hydroxypropyl guar- graft-poly( N-vinylcaprolactam) (HPG- g-PNVCL) copolymer was synthesized by graft polymerization. The reaction parameters such as temperature, time, monomer, and initiator concentrations were varied. In addition, the HPG- g-PNVCL copolymer was modified with nano-hydroxyapatite (n-HA) by in situ covalent cross-linking using divinyl sulfone (DVS) cross-linker to obtain HPG- g-PNVCL/n-HA/DVS composite material. Grafted copolymer and composite materials were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( ¹H NMR), and differential scanning calorimetry. The morphology of the grafted copolymer (HPG- g-PNVCL) and the composite (HPG- g-PNVCL/n-HA/DVS) was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which showed interconnected porous honeycomb-like structures. Using Ultraviolet−visible spectroscopy, low critical solution temperature for HPG- g-PNVCL was observed at 34 °C, which is close to the rheology gel point at 33.5 °C. The thermoreversibility of HPG- g-PNVCL was proved by rheological analysis. The HPG- g-PNVCL hydrogel was employed for slow release of the drug molecule. Ciprofloxacin, a commonly known antibiotic, was used for sustainable release from the HPG- g-PNVCL hydrogel as a function of time at 37 °C because of viscous nature and thermogelation of the copolymer. In vitro cytotoxicity study reveals that the HPG- g-PNVCL thermogelling polymer works as a biocompatible scaffold for osteoblastic cell growth. Additionally, in vitro biomineralization study of HPG- g-PNVCL/n-HA/DVS was conducted using a simulated body fluid, and apatite-like structure formation was observed by SEM.