Associations between Body Mass Index and Visual Impairment of School Students in Central China

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Abstract

Body Mass Index (BMI) is a risk indicator for some eye diseases. However, the association between BMI and Visual Impairment (VI) was not quite certain in Chinese students. Our aim was to assess the relationship between BMI and VI with a cross-sectional study. A total of 3771 students aged 6–21 years, including 729 with VI, were sampled from 24 schools in Huangpi District of central China to participate in the study. A multistage stratified cluster random sampling was adopted. Each of the students answered a questionnaire and had physical and eye examinations. The association between BMI and VI was examined with logistic regression and threshold effect analysis. The prevalence of VI was 19.33% (729/3771). Compared to normal and underweight, overweight/obese students showed a stronger relation with VI in age- and sex-adjusted (Odds Ratio (OR) = 16.16, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 12.37–21.09, p < 0.001) and multivariable models (OR = 8.32, 95% CI: 6.13–11.30, p < 0.001). There was a nonlinear dose–response relation between levels of BMI and the prevalence of VI ( p < 0.001). A high level of BMI (≥19.81 kg/m ²) was associated with a higher VI prevalence (adjusted OR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.15–1.25, p < 0.001). In conclusion, the study demonstrated BMI levels were significantly associated with the prevalence of VI.

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Global data on visual impairment in the year 2002.

Serge Resnikoff, Donatella Pascolini, Daniel Etya'ale … (2004)

This paper presents estimates of the prevalence of visual impairment and its causes in 2002, based on the best available evidence derived from recent studies. Estimates were determined from data on low vision and blindness as defined in the International statistical classification of diseases, injuries and causes of death, 10th revision. The number of people with visual impairment worldwide in 2002 was in excess of 161 million, of whom about 37 million were blind. The burden of visual impairment is not distributed uniformly throughout the world: the least developed regions carry the largest share. Visual impairment is also unequally distributed across age groups, being largely confined to adults 50 years of age and older. A distribution imbalance is also found with regard to gender throughout the world: females have a significantly higher risk of having visual impairment than males. Notwithstanding the progress in surgical intervention that has been made in many countries over the last few decades, cataract remains the leading cause of visual impairment in all regions of the world, except in the most developed countries. Other major causes of visual impairment are, in order of importance, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy and trachoma.

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Do obese children become obese adults? A review of the literature.

M.K. Serdula, D Ivery, R.J. Coates … (1993)

Obese children may be at increased risk of becoming obese adults. To examine the relationship between obesity in childhood and obesity in adulthood, we reviewed the epidemiologic literature published between 1970 and July 1992. Comparison between studies was complicated by differences in study design, definitions of obesity, and analytic methods used. Although the correlations between anthropometric measures of obesity in childhood and those in adulthood varied considerably among studies, the associations were consistently positive. About a third (26 to 41%) of obese preschool children were obese as adults, and about half (42 to 63%) of obese school-age children were obese as adults. For all studies and across all ages, the risk of adult obesity was at least twice as high for obese children as for nonobese children. The risk of adult obesity was greater for children who were at higher levels of obesity and for children who were obese at older ages. The wide range of estimates in this literature are, in part, due to differences in study designs, definitions of obesity, ages at which participants were measured, intervals between measurements, and population and cultural differences.

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Refractive error in children in an urban population in New Delhi.

L Sanga, Damodar Bachani, Neha A Gupta … (2002)

To assess the prevalence of refractive error and related visual impairment in school-aged children in an urban population in New Delhi, India. Random selection of geographically defined clusters was used to identify a sample of children 5 to 15 years of age. From December 2000 through March 2001, children in 22 selected clusters were enumerated through a door-to-door survey and examined at a local facility. The examination included visual acuity measurements, ocular motility evaluation, retinoscopy and autorefraction under cycloplegia, and examination of the anterior segment, media, and fundus. Myopia was defined as spherical equivalent refractive error of at least -0.50 D and hyperopia as +2.00 D or more. Children with reduced vision and a sample of those with normal vision underwent independent replicate examinations for quality assurance in four of the clusters. A total of 7008 children from 3426 households were enumerated, and 6447 (92.0%) examined. The prevalence of uncorrected, baseline (presenting), and best corrected visual acuity of 20/40 or worse in the better eye was 6.4%, 4.9%, and 0.81%, respectively. Refractive error was the cause in 81.7% of eyes with vision impairment, amblyopia in 4.4%, retinal disorders in 4.7%, other causes in 3.3%, and unexplained causes in the remaining 5.9%. There was an age-related shift in refractive error from hyperopia in young children (15.6% in 5-year-olds) toward myopia in older children (10.8% in 15-year-olds). Overall, hyperopia was present in 7.7% of children and myopia in 7.4%. Hyperopia was associated with female gender. Myopia was more common in children of fathers with higher levels of education. Reduced vision because of uncorrected refractive error is a major public health problem in urban school-aged children in India. Cost-effective strategies are needed to eliminate this easily treated cause of vision impairment.

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Author and article information

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Paul B. Tchounwou: Role: Academic Editor

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Environ Res Public Health

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Environ Res Public Health

Journal ID (publisher-id): ijerph

Title: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

Publisher: MDPI

ISSN (Print): 1661-7827

ISSN (Electronic): 1660-4601

Publication date (Electronic): 18 October 2016

Publication date (Print): October 2016

Volume: 13

Issue: 10

Electronic Location Identifier: 1024

Affiliations

[1 ]Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, 115# Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, China; 2014103050005@ 123456whu.edu.cn (F.Y.); 2013203050013@ 123456whu.edu.cn (Y.L.); 2013103050008@ 123456whu.edu.cn (B.L.); 2014103050004@ 123456whu.edu.cn (X.G.)

[2 ]College of Nursing, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 1# Huangjiahu West Road, Wuhan 430061, China

[3 ]Research Support Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; chongming_yang@ 123456byu.edu

[4 ]Teenagers Vision Prevention and Control Center, Huangpi District People’s Hospital, 259# Baixiu Street, Wuhan 4300300, China; yf_20062007@ 123456126.com

Author notes

[* ]Correspondence: txd_20062007@ 123456163.com ; Tel.: +86-27-6875-8591

Article

Publisher ID: ijerph-13-01024

DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13101024

PMC ID: 5086763

PubMed ID: 27763567

SO-VID: 1033c205-df8b-4f61-a62e-372b108e27db

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This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Associations between Body Mass Index and Visual Impairment of School Students in Central China

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Karger: Nutrition and Dietetics

Most cited references 50

Global data on visual impairment in the year 2002.

Do obese children become obese adults? A review of the literature.

Refractive error in children in an urban population in New Delhi.

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