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      A highly stretchable autonomous self-healing elastomer.

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          Abstract

          It is a challenge to synthesize materials that possess the properties of biological muscles-strong, elastic and capable of self-healing. Herein we report a network of poly(dimethylsiloxane) polymer chains crosslinked by coordination complexes that combines high stretchability, high dielectric strength, autonomous self-healing and mechanical actuation. The healing process can take place at a temperature as low as -20 °C and is not significantly affected by surface ageing and moisture. The crosslinking complexes used consist of 2,6-pyridinedicarboxamide ligands that coordinate to Fe(III) centres through three different interactions: a strong pyridyl-iron one, and two weaker carboxamido-iron ones through both the nitrogen and oxygen atoms of the carboxamide groups. As a result, the iron-ligand bonds can readily break and re-form while the iron centres still remain attached to the ligands through the stronger interaction with the pyridyl ring, which enables reversible unfolding and refolding of the chains. We hypothesize that this behaviour supports the high stretchability and self-healing capability of the material.

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          Autonomic healing of polymer composites.

          S R White, N Sottos, P H Geubelle … (2001)
          Structural polymers are susceptible to damage in the form of cracks, which form deep within the structure where detection is difficult and repair is almost impossible. Cracking leads to mechanical degradation of fibre-reinforced polymer composites; in microelectronic polymeric components it can also lead to electrical failure. Microcracking induced by thermal and mechanical fatigue is also a long-standing problem in polymer adhesives. Regardless of the application, once cracks have formed within polymeric materials, the integrity of the structure is significantly compromised. Experiments exploring the concept of self-repair have been previously reported, but the only successful crack-healing methods that have been reported so far require some form of manual intervention. Here we report a structural polymeric material with the ability to autonomically heal cracks. The material incorporates a microencapsulated healing agent that is released upon crack intrusion. Polymerization of the healing agent is then triggered by contact with an embedded catalyst, bonding the crack faces. Our fracture experiments yield as much as 75% recovery in toughness, and we expect that our approach will be applicable to other brittle materials systems (including ceramics and glasses).
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            A thermally re-mendable cross-linked polymeric material.

            Xiangxu Chen, Matheus A Dam, Kanji Ono … (2002)
            We have developed a transparent organic polymeric material that can repeatedly mend or "re-mend" itself under mild conditions. The material is a tough solid at room temperature and below with mechanical properties equaling those of commercial epoxy resins. At temperatures above 120 degrees C, approximately 30% (as determined by solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy) of "intermonomer" linkages disconnect but then reconnect upon cooling, This process is fully reversible and can be used to restore a fractured part of the polymer multiple times, and it does not require additional ingredients such as a catalyst, additional monomer, or special surface treatment of the fractured interface.
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              An electrically and mechanically self-healing composite with pressure- and flexion-sensitive properties for electronic skin applications.

              Benjamin Tee, Chao. Wang, Ranulfo Allen … (2012)
              Pressure sensitivity and mechanical self-healing are two vital functions of the human skin. A flexible and electrically conducting material that can sense mechanical forces and yet be able to self-heal repeatably can be of use in emerging fields such as soft robotics and biomimetic prostheses, but combining all these properties together remains a challenging task. Here, we describe a composite material composed of a supramolecular organic polymer with embedded nickel nanostructured microparticles, which shows mechanical and electrical self-healing properties at ambient conditions. We also show that our material is pressure- and flexion-sensitive, and therefore suitable for electronic skin applications. The electrical conductivity can be tuned by varying the amount of nickel particles and can reach values as high as 40 S cm(-1). On rupture, the initial conductivity is repeatably restored with ∼90% efficiency after 15 s healing time, and the mechanical properties are completely restored after ∼10 min. The composite resistance varies inversely with applied flexion and tactile forces. These results demonstrate that natural skin's repeatable self-healing capability can be mimicked in conductive and piezoresistive materials, thus potentially expanding the scope of applications of current electronic skin systems.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Nat Chem
                Title: Nature chemistry
                Publisher: Springer Nature
                ISSN (Electronic): 1755-4349
                ISSN (Print): 1755-4330
                Publication date (Electronic): Jun 2016
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 6
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
                [2 ] State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
                [3 ] Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, USA.
                [4 ] Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.
                [5 ] Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA.
                [6 ] Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA.
                [7 ] Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
                [8 ] National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: nchem.2492
                DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2492
                PubMed ID: 27219708
                SO-VID: 1036c292-6723-4c4d-8ccb-60ec3fd26e61
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