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      Behavioral and emotional problems in high-functioning girls and boys with autism spectrum disorders: Parents’ reports and adolescents’ self-reports

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          Abstract

          The purpose of this study was to investigate sex differences in behavioral and emotional problems in high-functioning girls and boys with autism spectrum disorder. The results obtained by adolescents with autism spectrum disorder were compared with those of typically developing girls and boys. Correlations between parents’ and adolescents’ ratings were also analyzed. Participants were 35 girls and 35 boys with autism spectrum disorder, aged 11–18 years, matched for chronological age and full-scale IQ. The control group consisted of 24 typically developing girls and 24 boys of the same age and IQ. The parents of adolescent participants were also included in the study. The measures used were the Child Behavior Checklist (4–18) completed by parents and Youth Self-Report (11–18) completed by adolescents. The adolescents with autism spectrum disorder presented higher levels of behavioral and emotional problems than the control group, according to both the parents’ reports and the adolescents’ self-reports. No sex differences were found in that respect. More differences between the assessments of adolescents and their parents occurred in the control group, and the effect size was larger.

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          Most cited references34

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          Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist/4-18 and 1991 Profile

          The Child Behavior Checklist for ages 4-18 is designed to record children's competencies and problems as reported by their parents or parent surrogates. It can be self-administered or administered by an interviewer. The 20 competence items obtain parents' reports of the amount and quality of their child's participation in sports, hobbies, games, activities, jobs and chores, and friendships; how well the child gets along with others and plays and works alone; and school functioning. Each of the 118 specific problem items and two open-ended problem items are scored on a 3-step response scale. The Checklist is intended as only one component of many, including teacher reports, standardized tests, physical assessment and direct assessment of the child. Reliability and validity are discussed.
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            Perspective taking and empathic concern in adolescence: gender differences in developmental changes.

            Empathy is an important social skill and is believed to play an essential role in moral development (Hoffman, 2000). In the present longitudinal study, the authors investigated adolescents' development of perspective taking and empathic concern from age 13 to 18 years (mean age at Wave 1 = 13 years, SD = 0.46) and examined its association with pubertal status. Adolescents (283 boys, 214 girls) reported for 6 consecutive years on their dispositional perspective taking and empathic concern and for 4 consecutive years on pubertal status. Latent growth curve modeling revealed gender differences in levels and developmental trends. Gender differences in perspective taking emerged during adolescence, with girls' increases being steeper than those of the boys. Girls also showed higher levels of empathic concern than did boys. Whereas girls' empathic concern remained stable across adolescence, boys showed a decrease from early to middle adolescence with a rebound to the initial level thereafter. Boys who were physically more mature also reported lower empathic concern than did their less physically developed peers. The current study supports theoretical notions that perspective taking develops during adolescence as a result of cognitive development. Moreover, the results suggest that pubertal maturation plays a role in boys' development of empathic concern. PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved.
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              Social anxiety in high-functioning children and adolescents with Autism and Asperger syndrome.

              We examined social anxiety and internalizing symptoms using the Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory for Children (SPAI-C), the Social Anxiety Scale for Children -Revised (SASC-R), and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) in a sample of fifty-four high-functioning subjects with autism or Asperger syndrome (HFA/AS) (M = 11.2 +/- 1.7 years) and 305 community subjects (M = 12.2 +/- 2.2 years). Children and adolescents completed the SPAI-C and SASC-R, and their parents completed the CBCL Internalizing scale. Adolescents with HFA/AS scored higher than the community sample on all measures. Behavioural avoidance and evaluative social anxiety increased by age within the HFA/AS group, whereas behavioural avoidance decreased by age in control participants. Data support that HFA/AS in adolescents may be associated with clinically relevant social anxiety symptoms.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Autism
                Autism
                AUT
                spaut
                Autism
                SAGE Publications (Sage UK: London, England )
                1362-3613
                1461-7005
                30 November 2016
                August 2017
                : 21
                : 6 , Special Issue on: Women and girls on the autism spectrum
                : 738-748
                Affiliations
                [1 ]University of Warsaw, Poland
                [2 ]The Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, Poland
                [3 ]Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
                Author notes
                [*]Ewa Pisula, Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Stawki 5/7, 00-183 Warsaw, Poland. Email: ewa.pisula@ 123456psych.uw.edu.pl
                Article
                10.1177_1362361316675119
                10.1177/1362361316675119
                5536253
                27899716
                1041c933-8a6f-4020-9e1e-240362c17767
                © The Author(s) 2016

                This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License ( http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access page ( https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

                History
                Funding
                Funded by: Polish National Science Centre, ;
                Award ID: N N106 352940
                Funded by: State Fund for Rehabilitation of Disabled Persons (PFRON), ;
                Categories
                Special Issue Articles

                adolescents,autism spectrum disorders,behavioral and emotional problems,sex differences

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