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      HSP90 as a novel molecular target in non-small-cell lung cancer

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          Abstract

          Lung cancer remains the most lethal cancer, with over 160,000 annual deaths in the USA alone. Over the past decade, the discovery of driver mutations has changed the landscape for the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Targeted therapies against epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) or anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) have now been approved by the Food and Drug Administration as part of the standard first-line treatment of NSCLC. Despite good initial responses, most patients develop resistance within 8–12 months and have disease progression.

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          Most cited references26

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          Heat shock proteins in cancer: chaperones of tumorigenesis.

          The heat shock proteins (HSPs) induced by cell stress are expressed at high levels in a wide range of tumors and are closely associated with a poor prognosis and resistance to therapy. The increased transcription of HSPs in tumor cells is due to loss of p53 function and to higher expression of the proto-oncogenes HER2 and c-Myc, and is crucial to tumorigenesis. The HSP family members play overlapping, essential roles in tumor growth both by promoting autonomous cell proliferation and by inhibiting death pathways. The HSPs have thus become targets for rational anti-cancer drug design: HSP90 inhibitors are currently showing much promise in clinical trials, whereas the increased expression of HSPs in tumors is forming the basis of chaperone-based immunotherapy.
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            Inhibition of HSP90 molecular chaperones: moving into the clinic.

            Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) is a molecular chaperone that is crucial for the stability and function of many proteins essential for cell survival. Many oncogenes, including tyrosine kinases, transcription factors, and cell-cycle regulatory proteins, are client proteins of HSP90. Inhibition of HSP90 causes client protein degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, and is a mechanism that might simultaneously downregulate several redundant pathways crucial for cell viability and tumour development. HSP90 inhibitors are currently being developed as anticancer agents, and have shown early promising results in molecularly defined subgroups of solid tumours (eg, ALK-rearranged non-small-cell lung cancer and HER2-amplified breast cancer) and some haematological malignancies (eg, multiple myeloma). Here, we review the current status of HSP90 inhibitors in clinical development, including geldanamycin derivatives, resorcinol derivatives, purine analogues, and other synthetic inhibitors. We also discuss novel strategies and future perspectives on how to optimise the therapeutic potential of this exciting new class of drugs. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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              Targeting HSP90 for cancer therapy

              Heat-shock proteins (HSPs) are molecular chaperones that regulate protein folding to ensure correct conformation and translocation and to avoid protein aggregation. Heat-shock proteins are increased in many solid tumours and haematological malignancies. Many oncogenic proteins responsible for the transformation of cells to cancerous forms are client proteins of HSP90. Targeting HSP90 with chemical inhibitors would degrade these oncogenic proteins, and thus serve as useful anticancer agents. This review provides an overview of the HSP chaperone machinery and the structure and function of HSP90. We also highlight the key oncogenic proteins that are regulated by HSP90 and describe how inhibition of HSP90 could alter the activity of multiple signalling proteins, receptors and transcriptional factors implicated in carcinogenesis.

                Author and article information

                Journal
                Lung Cancer (Auckl)
                Lung Cancer (Auckl)
                Lung Cancer: Targets and Therapy
                Lung Cancer: Targets and Therapy
                Dove Medical Press
                1179-2728
                2016
                01 March 2016
                : 7
                : 11-17
                Affiliations
                Segal Cancer Center, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Victor Cohen, Segal Cancer Center, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, 3755 Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada, Email vcohen@ 123456jgh.mcgill.ca
                Article
                lctt-7-011
                10.2147/LCTT.S60344
                5310695
                28210156
                104a6bcd-1d5c-4c5f-af40-b05e44ce1552
                © 2016 Esfahani and Cohen. This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited

                The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed.

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                Categories
                Review

                non-small-cell lung cancer,driver mutations,targeted therapy,heat shock protein 90 (hsp90)

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