Neurotoxicity of Nanomaterials: An Up-to-Date Overview

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Abstract

The field of nanotechnology, through which nanomaterials are designed, characterized, produced, and applied, is rapidly emerging in various fields, including energy, electronics, food and agriculture, environmental science, cosmetics, and medicine. The most common biomedical applications of nanomaterials involve drug delivery, bioimaging, and gene and cancer therapy. Since they possess unique properties which are different than bulk materials, toxic effects and long-term impacts on organisms are not completely known. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to emphasize the main neurotoxic effects induced by nanoparticles, liposomes, dendrimers, carbon nanotubes, and quantum dots, as well as the key neurotoxicology assays to evaluate them.

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Characterization techniques for nanoparticles: comparison and complementarity upon studying nanoparticle properties

Stefanos Mourdikoudis, Roger Pallares, Nguyen Thanh (2018)

Combined and carefully selected use of experimental techniques – understanding nanoparticle properties and optimizing performance in applications. Nanostructures have attracted huge interest as a rapidly growing class of materials for many applications. Several techniques have been used to characterize the size, crystal structure, elemental composition and a variety of other physical properties of nanoparticles. In several cases, there are physical properties that can be evaluated by more than one technique. Different strengths and limitations of each technique complicate the choice of the most suitable method, while often a combinatorial characterization approach is needed. In addition, given that the significance of nanoparticles in basic research and applications is constantly increasing, it is necessary that researchers from separate fields overcome the challenges in the reproducible and reliable characterization of nanomaterials, after their synthesis and further process ( e.g. annealing) stages. The principal objective of this review is to summarize the present knowledge on the use, advances, advantages and weaknesses of a large number of experimental techniques that are available for the characterization of nanoparticles. Different characterization techniques are classified according to the concept/group of the technique used, the information they can provide, or the materials that they are destined for. We describe the main characteristics of the techniques and their operation principles and we give various examples of their use, presenting them in a comparative mode, when possible, in relation to the property studied in each case.

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Coordinating cell proliferation and differentiation: Antagonism between cell cycle regulators and cell type-specific gene expression

Suzan Ruijtenberg, Sander van den Heuvel (2016)

ABSTRACT Cell proliferation and differentiation show a remarkable inverse relationship. Precursor cells continue division before acquiring a fully differentiated state, while terminal differentiation usually coincides with proliferation arrest and permanent exit from the division cycle. Mechanistic insight in the temporal coordination between cell cycle exit and differentiation has come from studies of cells in culture and genetic animal models. As initially described for skeletal muscle differentiation, temporal coordination involves mutual antagonism between cyclin-dependent kinases that promote cell cycle entry and transcription factors that induce tissue-specific gene expression. Recent insights highlight the contribution of chromatin-regulating complexes that act in conjunction with the transcription factors and determine their activity. In particular SWI/SNF chromatin remodelers contribute to dual regulation of cell cycle and tissue-specific gene expression during terminal differentiation. We review the concerted regulation of the cell cycle and cell type-specific transcription, and discuss common mutations in human cancer that emphasize the clinical importance of proliferation versus differentiation control.

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Polymeric nanoparticles: A study on the preparation variables and characterization methods.

Carina Crucho, Maria Barros (2017)

Since the emergence of Nanotechnology in the past decades, the development and design of nanomaterials has become an important field of research. An emerging component in this field is nanomedicine, wherein nanoscale materials are being developed for use as imaging agents or for drug delivery applications. Much work is currently focused in the preparation of well-defined nanomaterials in terms of size and shape. These factors play a significantly role in the nanomaterial behavior in vivo. In this context, this review focuses on the toolbox of available methods for the preparation of polymeric nanoparticles. We highlight some recent examples from the literature that demonstrate the influence of the preparation method on the physicochemical characteristics of the nanoparticles. Additionally, in the second part, the characterization methods for this type of nanoparticles are discussed.

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Journal ID (nlm-ta): Nanomaterials (Basel)

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Nanomaterials (Basel)

Journal ID (publisher-id): nanomaterials

Title: Nanomaterials

Publisher: MDPI

ISSN (Electronic): 2079-4991

Publication date (Electronic): 13 January 2019

Publication date Collection: January 2019

Volume: 9

Issue: 1

Electronic Location Identifier: 96

Affiliations

[1 ]Emergency University Hospital, Bucharest, Romania, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest 050474, Romania; telepapa@ 123456hotmail.com (D.M.T.); raluca.teleanu@ 123456umfcd.ro (R.I.T.)

[2 ]Faculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages, Politehnica University of Bucharest, București 060042, Romania; cristina.chircov@ 123456yahoo.com

[3 ]Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, Politehnica University of Bucharest, Bucharest 060041, Romania

[4 ]ICUB—Research Institute of University of Bucharest, University of Bucharest, 36-46 M. Kogalniceanu Blvd., Bucharest 050107, Romania

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[* ]Correspondence: grumezescu@ 123456yahoo.com ; Tel.: +4021-402-39-97

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Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3036-094X

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Publisher ID: nanomaterials-09-00096

DOI: 10.3390/nano9010096

PMC ID: 6359621

PubMed ID: 30642104

SO-VID: 10703ab7-7f18-4732-a37b-80410657b1b0

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Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Neurotoxicity of Nanomaterials: An Up-to-Date Overview

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Abstract

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Photoluminescent Nanomaterials

Most cited references 101

Characterization techniques for nanoparticles: comparison and complementarity upon studying nanoparticle properties

Coordinating cell proliferation and differentiation: Antagonism between cell cycle regulators and cell type-specific gene expression

Polymeric nanoparticles: A study on the preparation variables and characterization methods.

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