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      Nanomaterials for biocatalyst immobilization – state of the art and future trends

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          Abstract

          Advantages, drawbacks and trends in nanomaterials for enzyme immobilization.

          Abstract

          Nanotechnology is an area that has been growing over the years, being possible nowadays to find numerous materials constructed at nanoscale. In addition, many applications have been attributed to these “new” materials. In this review is presented a brief overview of nanoparticles used for the immobilization of enzymes. Considering the extensive universe of immobilization in nanoparticles, some were chosen to be exposed here, such as chitosan, graphene, silica, polymers, magnetic, nanoflowers, among others. Advantages, disadvantages and limitations of nanoimmobilization also be discussed. Some applications of nanoimmobilized enzymes are presented, like as biodiesel, flavor synthesis ester and biosensors. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of what is being studied in relation to nanoparticles for enzymes immobilization, and some discussions about them, aimed at assisting researchers in future studies and reviews.

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          Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films

          S. Morozov, K. S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim … (2007)
          We report a naturally-occurring two-dimensional material (graphene that can be viewed as a gigantic flat fullerene molecule, describe its electronic properties and demonstrate all-metallic field-effect transistor, which uniquely exhibits ballistic transport at submicron distances even at room temperature.
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            Two-Dimensional Gas of Massless Dirac Fermions in Graphene

            A Firsov, I. Grigorieva, S Dubonos … (2005)
            Electronic properties of materials are commonly described by quasiparticles that behave as non-relativistic electrons with a finite mass and obey the Schroedinger equation. Here we report a condensed matter system where electron transport is essentially governed by the Dirac equation and charge carriers mimic relativistic particles with zero mass and an effective "speed of light" c* ~10^6m/s. Our studies of graphene - a single atomic layer of carbon - have revealed a variety of unusual phenomena characteristic of two-dimensional (2D) Dirac fermions. In particular, we have observed that a) the integer quantum Hall effect in graphene is anomalous in that it occurs at half-integer filling factors; b) graphene's conductivity never falls below a minimum value corresponding to the conductance quantum e^2/h, even when carrier concentrations tend to zero; c) the cyclotron mass m of massless carriers with energy E in graphene is described by equation E =mc*^2; and d) Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations in graphene exhibit a phase shift of pi due to Berry's phase.
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              Electrochemical Biosensors - Sensor Principles and Architectures

              Dorothee Grieshaber, Robert MacKenzie, Janos Vörös … (2008)
              Quantification of biological or biochemical processes are of utmost importance for medical, biological and biotechnological applications. However, converting the biological information to an easily processed electronic signal is challenging due to the complexity of connecting an electronic device directly to a biological environment. Electrochemical biosensors provide an attractive means to analyze the content of a biological sample due to the direct conversion of a biological event to an electronic signal. Over the past decades several sensing concepts and related devices have been developed. In this review, the most common traditional techniques, such as cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, chronopotentiometry, impedance spectroscopy, and various field-effect transistor based methods are presented along with selected promising novel approaches, such as nanowire or magnetic nanoparticle-based biosensing. Additional measurement techniques, which have been shown useful in combination with electrochemical detection, are also summarized, such as the electrochemical versions of surface plasmon resonance, optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy, ellipsometry, quartz crystal microbalance, and scanning probe microscopy. The signal transduction and the general performance of electrochemical sensors are often determined by the surface architectures that connect the sensing element to the biological sample at the nanometer scale. The most common surface modification techniques, the various electrochemical transduction mechanisms, and the choice of the recognition receptor molecules all influence the ultimate sensitivity of the sensor. New nanotechnology-based approaches, such as the use of engineered ion-channels in lipid bilayers, the encapsulation of enzymes into vesicles, polymersomes, or polyelectrolyte capsules provide additional possibilities for signal amplification. In particular, this review highlights the importance of the precise control over the delicate interplay between surface nano-architectures, surface functionalization and the chosen sensor transducer principle, as well as the usefulness of complementary characterization tools to interpret and to optimize the sensor response.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (publisher-id): RSCACL
                Title: RSC Advances
                Abbreviated Title: RSC Adv.
                Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
                ISSN (Electronic): 2046-2069
                Publication date Created: 2016
                Publication date (Electronic): 2016
                Volume: 6
                Issue: 106
                Pages: 104675-104692
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Chemical and Food Engineering Department
                [2 ]Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC)
                [3 ]Florianópolis
                [4 ]Brazil
                [5 ]Biochemistry Department
                [6 ]Chemistry Institute
                [7 ]Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
                [8 ]21949-909 Rio de Janeiro
                [9 ]Departamento de Biocatálisis
                [10 ]Instituto de Catálisis-CSIC
                [11 ]28049 Madrid
                [12 ]Spain
                Article
                DOI: 10.1039/C6RA22047A
                SO-VID: 107067fd-5fee-4791-8071-46e259b9fa91
                Copyright © © 2016
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