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      Type-1 pericytes accumulate after tissue injury and produce collagen in an organ-dependent manner

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          Abstract

          Introduction

          Fibrosis, or scar formation, is a pathological condition characterized by excessive production and accumulation of collagen, loss of tissue architecture, and organ failure in response to uncontrolled wound healing. Several cellular populations have been implicated, including bone marrow-derived circulating fibrocytes, endothelial cells, resident fibroblasts, epithelial cells, and recently, perivascular cells called pericytes. We previously demonstrated pericyte functional heterogeneity in skeletal muscle. Whether pericyte subtypes are present in other tissues and whether a specific pericyte subset contributes to organ fibrosis are unknown.

          Methods

          Here, we report the presence of two pericyte subtypes, type-1 (Nestin-GFP-/NG2-DsRed+) and type-2 (Nestin-GFP+/NG2-DsRed+), surrounding blood vessels in lungs, kidneys, heart, spinal cord, and brain. Using Nestin-GFP/NG2-DsRed transgenic mice, we induced pulmonary, renal, cardiac, spinal cord, and cortical injuries to investigate the contributions of pericyte subtypes to fibrous tissue formation in vivo.

          Results

          A fraction of the lung’s collagen-producing cells corresponds to type-1 pericytes and kidney and heart pericytes do not produce collagen in pathological fibrosis. Note that type-1, but not type-2, pericytes increase and accumulate near the fibrotic tissue in all organs analyzed. Surprisingly, after CNS injury, type-1 pericytes differ from scar-forming PDGFRβ + cells.

          Conclusions

          Pericyte subpopulations respond differentially to tissue injury, and the production of collagen by type-1 pericytes is organ-dependent. Characterization of the mechanisms underlying scar formation generates cellular targets for future anti-fibrotic therapeutics.

          Electronic supplementary material

          The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/scrt512) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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          Most cited references102

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          Self-renewing osteoprogenitors in bone marrow sinusoids can organize a hematopoietic microenvironment.

          The identity of cells that establish the hematopoietic microenvironment (HME) in human bone marrow (BM), and of clonogenic skeletal progenitors found in BM stroma, has long remained elusive. We show that MCAM/CD146-expressing, subendothelial cells in human BM stroma are capable of transferring, upon transplantation, the HME to heterotopic sites, coincident with the establishment of identical subendothelial cells within a miniature bone organ. Establishment of subendothelial stromal cells in developing heterotopic BM in vivo occurs via specific, dynamic interactions with developing sinusoids. Subendothelial stromal cells residing on the sinusoidal wall are major producers of Angiopoietin-1 (a pivotal molecule of the HSC "niche" involved in vascular remodeling). Our data reveal the functional relationships between establishment of the HME in vivo, establishment of skeletal progenitors in BM sinusoids, and angiogenesis.
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            Origin and function of myofibroblasts in kidney fibrosis.

            Myofibroblasts are associated with organ fibrosis, but their precise origin and functional role remain unknown. We used multiple genetically engineered mice to track, fate map and ablate cells to determine the source and function of myofibroblasts in kidney fibrosis. Through this comprehensive analysis, we identified that the total pool of myofibroblasts is split, with 50% arising from local resident fibroblasts through proliferation. The nonproliferating myofibroblasts derive through differentiation from bone marrow (35%), the endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition program (10%) and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition program (5%). Specific deletion of Tgfbr2 in α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA)(+) cells revealed the importance of this pathway in the recruitment of myofibroblasts through differentiation. Using genetic mouse models and a fate-mapping strategy, we determined that vascular pericytes probably do not contribute to the emergence of myofibroblasts or fibrosis. Our data suggest that targeting diverse pathways is required to substantially inhibit the composite accumulation of myofibroblasts in kidney fibrosis.
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              CNS stem cells express a new class of intermediate filament protein.

              Multipotential CNS stem cells receive and implement instructions governing differentiation to diverse neuronal and glial fates. Exploration of the mechanisms generating the many cell types of the brain depends crucially on markers identifying the stem cell state. We describe a gene whose expression distinguishes the stem cells from the more differentiated cells in the neural tube. This gene was named nestin because it is specifically expressed in neuroepithelial stem cells. The predicted amino acid sequence of the nestin gene product shows that nestin defines a distinct sixth class of intermediate filament protein. These observations extend a model in which transitions in intermediate filament gene expression reflect major steps in the pathway of neural differentiation.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                alexbirb@gmail.com
                tzhang@wakehealth.edu
                files@wakehealth.edu
                smannava@wakehealth.edu
                tsmith@wakehealth.edu
                zmwang@wfubmc.edu
                ldelbono@wakehealth.edu
                amintz@wakehealth.edu
                odelbono@wakehealth.edu
                Journal
                Stem Cell Res Ther
                Stem Cell Res Ther
                Stem Cell Research & Therapy
                BioMed Central (London )
                1757-6512
                6 November 2014
                6 November 2014
                2014
                : 5
                : 6
                : 122
                Affiliations
                [ ]Department of Internal Medicine-Gerontology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston Salem, NC 27157 USA
                [ ]Neuroscience Program, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston Salem, NC 27157 USA
                [ ]Department of Pulmonary, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston Salem, NC 27157 USA
                [ ]Department of Orthopedics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston Salem, NC 27157 USA
                [ ]Department of Neurosurgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston Salem, NC 27157 USA
                Article
                434
                10.1186/scrt512
                4445991
                25376879
                108e9445-2f8c-4e3e-890b-45ecbfb740f3
                © Birbrair et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2014

                This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                : 17 April 2014
                : 30 September 2014
                : 30 September 2014
                Categories
                Research
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2014

                Molecular medicine
                Molecular medicine

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