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      Risk factors for overweight in early ages: longitudinal design with Spanish preschoolers Translated title: Factores de riesgo para el sobrepeso en edades tempranas: diseño longitudinal con preescolares españoles

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          Abstract

          Abstract Previous studies have shown that there are several significant early-life risk factors associated with childhood overweight. However, research has mainly focused on school-aged children. The aim of this study is to identify risk factors in early life for overweight in a community sample of Spanish preschoolers. A sample of 622 three-year-olds was monitored until the age of 5, and their height and weight were registered annually. Overweight status was defined by World Health Organization standards. A large set of risk factors including sociodemographic variables, family structure, pregnancy, birth, postnatal period, school and neighborhood were measured through semi-structured interviews. Stepwise logistic regressions created predictive models with the best predictors of overweight for each age group. This is the first longitudinal study to examine a large set of risk factors among Spanish preschoolers. Several potential early risk factors in preschool children were associated with later overweight: high birth weight, ethnicity, excess screen time, low attention span, maternal smoking during pregnancy, inconsistent discipline, fewer rules, corporal punishment and parents psychopathology. Among them, the most powerful factor was high birth-weight (odds ratio = 1.89 at age 3, 1.87 at age 4, and 2.35 at age 5), underlining the importance of weight monitoring from postpartum and routine screening for overweight in children who have high birth weight. With the increasing prevalence of overweight in children at early ages, understanding the determinants for overweight risk becomes crucial for public health professionals and policy-makers in order to implement effective prevention and intervention programs.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen Diferentes estudios han mostrado una asociación clara entre determinados factores de riesgo en edad temprana y sobrepeso en la infancia. Sin embargo, hasta ahora la investigación solo se ha centrado en niños en edad escolar. El objetivo de este estudio es el de examinar en niños preescolares los factores de riesgo para el sobrepeso en una muestra comunitaria de niños españoles. En el presente estudio se seleccionó una muestra de 622 niños de 3 años de edad a los que se siguió anualmente hasta los 5 años. El peso y la talla fueron registrados anualmente y el sobrepeso fue definido siguiendo los criterios definidos por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. A través de una entrevista semi-estructurada, se analizaron diversos factores de riesgo tales como estructura familiar, embarazo, parto, período post-natal, escuela y vecindario. Las regresiones logísticas múltiples permitieron crear modelos predictivos que seleccionaron los mejores predictores de sobrepeso para cada grupo de edad. El presente estudio es el primer estudio longitudinal en examinar diferentes factores de riesgo para el sobrepeso en niños españoles con edad preescolar. Diferentes factores de riesgo están asociados a un posterior sobrepeso: mayor peso al nacer, etnia, uso excesivo de pantallas, capacidad de atención baja, madre fumadora durante el embarazo, disciplina inconsistente, castigo físico y psicopatología parental. De entre ellos, el factor más importante fue: mayor peso al nacer (razón de probabilidades = 1.89 a los 3 años, 1.87 a los 4 años y 2.35 a los 5 años), subrayando la importancia de monitorizar el peso del niño desde el post-parto y realizar cribados rutinarios de sobrepeso en aquellos niños que nacieron con un peso elevado. La prevalencia cada vez mayor de sobrepeso en niños cada vez más pequeños hace que la comprensión e identificación de los factores de riesgo relacionados con el sobrepeso sea crucial para que los profesionales públicos de salud y los responsables políticos implementen programas de prevención e intervención efectivos.

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          WHO Child Growth Standards based on length/height, weight and age

          To describe the methods used to construct the WHO Child Growth Standards based on length/height, weight and age, and to present resulting growth charts.
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            Childhood body-mass index and the risk of coronary heart disease in adulthood.

            The worldwide epidemic of childhood obesity is progressing at an alarming rate. Risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD) are already identifiable in overweight children. The severity of the long-term effects of excess childhood weight on CHD, however, remains unknown. We investigated the association between body-mass index (BMI) in childhood (7 through 13 years of age) and CHD in adulthood (25 years of age or older), with and without adjustment for birth weight. The subjects were a cohort of 276,835 Danish schoolchildren for whom measurements of height and weight were available. CHD events were ascertained by linkage to national registers. Cox regression analyses were performed. In 5,063,622 person-years of follow-up, 10,235 men and 4318 women for whom childhood BMI data were available received a diagnosis of CHD or died of CHD as adults. The risk of any CHD event, a nonfatal event, and a fatal event among adults was positively associated with BMI at 7 to 13 years of age for boys and 10 to 13 years of age for girls. The associations were linear for each age, and the risk increased across the entire BMI distribution. Furthermore, the risk increased as the age of the child increased. Adjustment for birth weight strengthened the results. Higher BMI during childhood is associated with an increased risk of CHD in adulthood. The associations are stronger in boys than in girls and increase with the age of the child in both sexes. Our findings suggest that as children are becoming heavier worldwide, greater numbers of them are at risk of having CHD in adulthood. Copyright 2007 Massachusetts Medical Society.
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              Children, Adolescents, and the Media

              (2013)
              Media, from television to the "new media" (including cell phones, iPads, and social media), are a dominant force in children's lives. Although television is still the predominant medium for children and adolescents, new technologies are increasingly popular. The American Academy of Pediatrics continues to be concerned by evidence about the potential harmful effects of media messages and images; however, important positive and prosocial effects of media use should also be recognized. Pediatricians are encouraged to take a media history and ask 2 media questions at every well-child visit: How much recreational screen time does your child or teenager consume daily? Is there a television set or Internet-connected device in the child's bedroom? Parents are encouraged to establish a family home use plan for all media. Media influences on children and teenagers should be recognized by schools, policymakers, product advertisers, and entertainment producers.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                acp
                Acción Psicológica
                Acción psicol.
                Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED) (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                1578-908X
                2255-1271
                June 2019
                : 16
                : 1
                : 1-12
                Affiliations
                [2] Bellaterra Barcelona orgnameUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona orgdiv1Departament de Psicologia Clínica i de la Salut Spain
                [3] Bellaterra Barcelona orgnameUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona orgdiv1Departament de Psicobiologia i Metodologia de las Ciències de la Salut Spain
                [1] Bellaterra Barcelona orgnameUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona orgdiv1Unitat d'Epidemiologia i de Diagnòstic en Psicopatologia del Desenvolupament Spain
                Article
                S1578-908X2019000100001 S1578-908X(19)01600100001
                10.5944/ap.16.1.22098
                10a21a90-6297-4543-8cfe-cf65cddef56c

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 05 September 2018
                : 04 June 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 33, Pages: 12
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Selection of articles

                Risk factor,Preschool children,Overweight,BMI,Sobrepeso,Preescolares,IMC,Factor de riesgo,Spain

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