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      Valoración del riesgo cardiovascular después de gastrectomía vertical: comparativa del IMC, la adiposidad, el índice de Framingham y el índice aterogénico como marcadores del éxito de la cirugía Translated title: Assessment of cardiovascular risk after sleeve gastrectomy: comparative of BMI, adiposity, Framingham and atherogenic index as markers of success of surgery

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          Abstract

          Introducción y objetivo: el IMC puede resultar engañoso para ciertas complexiones corporales, por lo que se han propuesto otros parámetros como la adiposidad (calculada a través de fórmula CUN-BAE, el índice de Framingham de riesgo cardiovascular (IF) y el índice aterogénico (IA) (rCT/HDL-c) como predictores de riesgo cardiovascular. Se propone comparar estos factores como marcadores de éxito terapéutico tras cirugía en pacientes obesos sometidos a gastrectomía vertical laparoscópica (GVL) como procedimiento de cirugía bariátrica. Material y métodos: realizamos un estudio observacional prospectivo de pacientes sometidos a GVL y con un periodo de seguimiento mínimo de 1 año. Analizamos la evolución de IMC, adiposidad, IF e IA. Resultados: analizamos 140 pacientes. El IMC preoperatorio fue de 49,1 kg/m², con una adiposidad del 54,8%, un IF 7,54% y un IA de 4,2. A los 12 meses el IMC era de 28,4 kg/m², con una adiposidad del 39,4%, un IF del 3,7% y un IA de 1,64. En función de estos resultados, a los 12 meses el IMC medio está en rango de sobrepeso, la adiposidad en niveles de obesidad (obesidad: > 25% en hombres y > 35% en mujeres), el IF en rango de riesgo cardiovascular bajo (< 5%) y el IA dentro del rango de normalidad (< 3). Correlacionando estos parámetros observamos que el IMC se correlaciona con la adiposidad tanto en valores preoperatorios (Pearson 0,486; p = 0,004), posoperatorios (Pearson 0,957; p < 0,001), como en la diferencia entre ambos (Pearson 0,606; p = 0,017), lo cual es lógico, porque el IMC se incluye en la fórmula CUN-BAE para el cálculo de la adiposidad. En los valores posoperatorios se objetiva una correlación de la adiposidad con el IF (Pearson 0,814, p = 0,036) y con el IA (Pearson 0,517; p = 0,049). En los valores preoperatorios no se objetivan dichas correlaciones. El IMC no se correlacionó con la adiposidad. Conclusión: la adiposidad se correlaciona con índices de riesgo cardiovascular, como el índice de Framingham o el índice aterogénico, pero solo en las determinaciones posoperatorias. Estos elementos suponen herramientas útiles para valorar la disminución del riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular después de cirugía bariátrica.

          Translated abstract

          Introduction and objective: BMI can be misleading for certain body constitutions, for this reason other parameters have been proposed as predictors of cardiovascular risk, among them the adiposity (calculated through CUNBAE formula) the Framingham Index and the Atherogenic Index (TC-r/HDL-c.) We propose to compare these factors as markers of success after sleeve gastrectomy as bariatric surgery procedure for obese patients. Material and methods: We performed a prospective observational study of patients undergoing to a sleeve gastrectomy and with a minimum follow-up period of 1 year. We analyze the evolution of BMI, adiposity, the Framingham Index & the Atherogenic Index. Results: We analyzed 140 patients. Preoperative BMI was 49.1 kg/m², with a 54.8% for adiposity. The Framingham value was 7.54% and Atherogenic Index: 4.2. At 12 months BMI was 28.4 kg/m² and adiposity percentage 39.4%. At the same time, the Framingham was 3.7% and Atherogenic Index: 1.64. Analyzing these data, after 12 months from surgery, the mean of BMI is in range of overweight, the adiposity is classified as obesity (> 25% in men and > 35% in women), the Framingham range describes a low cardiovascular risk (< 5%) and the Atherogenic Index is located in the normal range (< 3). Correlating these parameters we observed that BMI is correlated with adiposity at preoperative values (Pearson 0.486; p = 0.004), postoperative (Pearson 0.957; p < 0.001), and the difference between them (Pearson 0.606; p = 0.017). This is logical, because the BMI is included in the formula for calculating the adiposity (by CUNBAE formula.) In the postoperative values correlated the adiposity with Framingham value (Pearson 0.814, p = 0.036) and with the atherogenic risk (p = 0.049, 0.517 Pearson.) In preoperative values, these correlations are not objectified. BMI was not correlated with adiposity. Conclusion: The adiposity correlates better with cardiovascular risk indices, such as the Framingham Index or the Atherogenic Index, but only in the postoperative values. These elements represent useful tools for assessing the decreased risk of cardiovascular disease after bariatric surgery.

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          General cardiovascular risk profile for use in primary care: the Framingham Heart Study.

          Separate multivariable risk algorithms are commonly used to assess risk of specific atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) events, ie, coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, and heart failure. The present report presents a single multivariable risk function that predicts risk of developing all CVD and of its constituents. We used Cox proportional-hazards regression to evaluate the risk of developing a first CVD event in 8491 Framingham study participants (mean age, 49 years; 4522 women) who attended a routine examination between 30 and 74 years of age and were free of CVD. Sex-specific multivariable risk functions ("general CVD" algorithms) were derived that incorporated age, total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, treatment for hypertension, smoking, and diabetes status. We assessed the performance of the general CVD algorithms for predicting individual CVD events (coronary heart disease, stroke, peripheral artery disease, or heart failure). Over 12 years of follow-up, 1174 participants (456 women) developed a first CVD event. All traditional risk factors evaluated predicted CVD risk (multivariable-adjusted P<0.0001). The general CVD algorithm demonstrated good discrimination (C statistic, 0.763 [men] and 0.793 [women]) and calibration. Simple adjustments to the general CVD risk algorithms allowed estimation of the risks of each CVD component. Two simple risk scores are presented, 1 based on all traditional risk factors and the other based on non-laboratory-based predictors. A sex-specific multivariable risk factor algorithm can be conveniently used to assess general CVD risk and risk of individual CVD events (coronary, cerebrovascular, and peripheral arterial disease and heart failure). The estimated absolute CVD event rates can be used to quantify risk and to guide preventive care.
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            Validation of the Framingham coronary heart disease prediction scores: results of a multiple ethnic groups investigation.

            The Framingham Heart Study produced sex-specific coronary heart disease (CHD) prediction functions for assessing risk of developing incident CHD in a white middle-class population. Concern exists regarding whether these functions can be generalized to other populations. To test the validity and transportability of the Framingham CHD prediction functions per a National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute workshop organized for this purpose. Sex-specific CHD functions were derived from Framingham data for prediction of coronary death and myocardial infarction. These functions were applied to 6 prospectively studied, ethnically diverse cohorts (n = 23 424), including whites, blacks, Native Americans, Japanese American men, and Hispanic men: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (1987-1988), Physicians' Health Study (1982), Honolulu Heart Program (1980-1982), Puerto Rico Heart Health Program (1965-1968), Strong Heart Study (1989-1991), and Cardiovascular Health Study (1989-1990). The performance, or ability to accurately predict CHD risk, of the Framingham functions compared with the performance of risk functions developed specifically from the individual cohorts' data. Comparisons included evaluation of the equality of relative risks for standard CHD risk factors, discrimination, and calibration. For white men and women and for black men and women the Framingham functions performed reasonably well for prediction of CHD events within 5 years of follow-up. Among Japanese American and Hispanic men and Native American women, the Framingham functions systematically overestimated the risk of 5-year CHD events. After recalibration, taking into account different prevalences of risk factors and underlying rates of developing CHD, the Framingham functions worked well in these populations. The sex-specific Framingham CHD prediction functions perform well among whites and blacks in different settings and can be applied to other ethnic groups after recalibration for differing prevalences of risk factors and underlying rates of CHD events.
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              Incidence of coronary heart disease and lipoprotein cholesterol levels. The Framingham Study.

              The first report from the Framingham Study that demonstrated an inverse relationship between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) was based on four years of surveillance. These participants, aged 49 to 82 years, have now been followed up for 12 years, and this report shows that the relationship between the fasting HDL-C level and subsequent incidence of CHD does not diminish appreciably with time. Since a second measurement of HDL-C is available eight years after the initial determination, the relationship of HDL-C measurements on the same subjects at two points in time is examined. This second HDL-C measurement is also used in a multivariate model that includes cigarette smoking, relative weight, alcohol consumption, casual blood glucose, total cholesterol, and blood pressure. It is concluded that even after these adjustments, nonfasting HDL-C and total cholesterol levels are related to development of CHD in both men and women aged 49 years and older. Study participants at the 80th percentile of HDL-C were found to have half the risk of CHD developing when compared with subjects at the 20th percentile of HDL-C.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                nh
                Nutrición Hospitalaria
                Nutr. Hosp.
                Grupo Arán (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0212-1611
                1699-5198
                August 2016
                : 33
                : 4
                : 832-837
                Affiliations
                [02] Madrid orgnameHospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos orgdiv1Unidad de Cirugía Bariátrica
                [01] Elche orgnameHospital General Universitario de Elche orgdiv1Unidad de Cirugía Bariátrica
                Article
                S0212-16112016000400011
                10.20960/nh.377
                10abe2f3-cbcb-47d4-92c6-3e2e6e9da533

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 International License.

                History
                : 07 March 2016
                : 24 December 2015
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 49, Pages: 6
                Product

                SciELO Spain


                Cirugía bariátrica,Adiposidad,Índice de masa corporal,Riesgo cardiovascular,Bariatric surgery,Adiposity,Body mass index,Cardiovascular risk

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