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      Mindfulness parenting and childish play: a clinical trial with parents of children with autism spectrum disorders Translated title: Mindfulness parenting y juego infantil: un ensayo clínico con padres de niños con trastornos del espectro del autismo

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          Abstract

          Abstract Background: Problems of behaviour, communication, and social interaction associated with Autism Spectrum Disorders can overwhelm parents. Disturbances in parents' psychological well-being (anxiety, depression) affect adherence to treatment, making it less effective. There is a need to investigate how to increase psychological well-being in parents of children with autism. Method: An 8-week brief training programme using the Mindfulness Parenting (MP) intervention was applied to fourteen parents (6 couples and two mothers). Participants were assigned to one of two groups, both groups received the same treatment but at two different time points. Measures of anxiety (SCAARED), parental stress (PSI-4), autism severity level (AIM) and mindfulness awareness (FFMQ), were assessed. Results: Analysis indicates that MP training increased mindfulness awareness, increasing non-judgment and reactivity, and consequently, reduced anxiety (parental, general, social), improving parent-child interaction. This improvement did not influence parents' perception of the severity of the disorder. Conclusions: The small number of participants precludes generalisation of the results. More clinical trials are needed to demonstrate the usefulness of including these programmes in early intervention services, as well as profiles of parents who may potentially benefit from it.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen Antecedentes: Los síntomas asociados a los Trastornos del Espectro Autista pueden abrumar a los padres. Las alteraciones del bienestar psicológico de los padres (ansiedad, depresión) afectan a la adherencia al tratamiento, haciéndolo menos eficaz. Es necesario investigar cómo aumentar el bienestar psicológico de los padres de niños con autismo. Método: Se aplicó un programa de entrenamiento de 8 semanas en Mindfulness Parenting (MP) a catorce padres (6 parejas y dos madres). Los participantes fueron asignados a dos grupos, ambos grupos recibieron el mismo tratamiento, pero en dos momentos diferentes. Se evaluaron medidas de ansiedad (SCAARED), estrés parental (PSI-4), nivel de gravedad del autismo (AIM) y conciencia de la atención plena (FFMQ). Resultados: Se sugiere que el entrenamiento en MP aumenta la atención plena, incrementando el no juicio y la no reactividad y, como consecuencia, reduce la ansiedad (parental, general, social), mejorando la interacción entre padres e hijos pero no influye en la percepción de la gravedad del trastorno. Conclusiones: El reducido número de participantes impide la generalización de los resultados encontrados. Son necesarios más ensayos clínicos para demostrar la pertinencia de incluir estos programas en los servicios de intervención temprana, así como los perfiles de los padres potencialmente beneficiarios.

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          Most cited references70

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          A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7.

          Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is one of the most common mental disorders; however, there is no brief clinical measure for assessing GAD. The objective of this study was to develop a brief self-report scale to identify probable cases of GAD and evaluate its reliability and validity. A criterion-standard study was performed in 15 primary care clinics in the United States from November 2004 through June 2005. Of a total of 2740 adult patients completing a study questionnaire, 965 patients had a telephone interview with a mental health professional within 1 week. For criterion and construct validity, GAD self-report scale diagnoses were compared with independent diagnoses made by mental health professionals; functional status measures; disability days; and health care use. A 7-item anxiety scale (GAD-7) had good reliability, as well as criterion, construct, factorial, and procedural validity. A cut point was identified that optimized sensitivity (89%) and specificity (82%). Increasing scores on the scale were strongly associated with multiple domains of functional impairment (all 6 Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form General Health Survey scales and disability days). Although GAD and depression symptoms frequently co-occurred, factor analysis confirmed them as distinct dimensions. Moreover, GAD and depression symptoms had differing but independent effects on functional impairment and disability. There was good agreement between self-report and interviewer-administered versions of the scale. The GAD-7 is a valid and efficient tool for screening for GAD and assessing its severity in clinical practice and research.
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            Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness.

            The authors examine the facet structure of mindfulness using five recently developed mindfulness questionnaires. Two large samples of undergraduate students completed mindfulness questionnaires and measures of other constructs. Psychometric properties of the mindfulness questionnaires were examined, including internal consistency and convergent and discriminant relationships with other variables. Factor analyses of the combined pool of items from the mindfulness questionnaires suggested that collectively they contain five clear, interpretable facets of mindfulness. Hierarchical confirmatory factor analyses suggested that at least four of the identified factors are components of an overall mindfulness construct and that the factor structure of mindfulness may vary with meditation experience. Mindfulness facets were shown to be differentially correlated in expected ways with several other constructs and to have incremental validity in the prediction of psychological symptoms. Findings suggest that conceptualizing mindfulness as a multifaceted construct is helpful in understanding its components and its relationships with other variables.
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              Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2016

              Problem/Condition Autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Period Covered 2016. Description of System The Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network is an active surveillance program that provides estimates of the prevalence of ASD among children aged 8 years whose parents or guardians live in 11 ADDM Network sites in the United States (Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Georgia, Maryland, Minnesota, Missouri, New Jersey, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Wisconsin). Surveillance is conducted in two phases. The first phase involves review and abstraction of comprehensive evaluations that were completed by medical and educational service providers in the community. In the second phase, experienced clinicians who systematically review all abstracted information determine ASD case status. The case definition is based on ASD criteria described in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. Results For 2016, across all 11 sites, ASD prevalence was 18.5 per 1,000 (one in 54) children aged 8 years, and ASD was 4.3 times as prevalent among boys as among girls. ASD prevalence varied by site, ranging from 13.1 (Colorado) to 31.4 (New Jersey). Prevalence estimates were approximately identical for non-Hispanic white (white), non-Hispanic black (black), and Asian/Pacific Islander children (18.5, 18.3, and 17.9, respectively) but lower for Hispanic children (15.4). Among children with ASD for whom data on intellectual or cognitive functioning were available, 33% were classified as having intellectual disability (intelligence quotient [IQ] ≤70); this percentage was higher among girls than boys (40% versus 32%) and among black and Hispanic than white children (47%, 36%, and 27%, respectively). Black children with ASD were less likely to have a first evaluation by age 36 months than were white children with ASD (40% versus 45%). The overall median age at earliest known ASD diagnosis (51 months) was similar by sex and racial and ethnic groups; however, black children with IQ ≤70 had a later median age at ASD diagnosis than white children with IQ ≤70 (48 months versus 42 months). Interpretation The prevalence of ASD varied considerably across sites and was higher than previous estimates since 2014. Although no overall difference in ASD prevalence between black and white children aged 8 years was observed, the disparities for black children persisted in early evaluation and diagnosis of ASD. Hispanic children also continue to be identified as having ASD less frequently than white or black children. Public Health Action These findings highlight the variability in the evaluation and detection of ASD across communities and between sociodemographic groups. Continued efforts are needed for early and equitable identification of ASD and timely enrollment in services.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                psicothema
                Psicothema
                Psicothema
                Colegio Oficial de Psicólogos del Principado de Asturias (Oviedo, Asturias, Spain )
                0214-9915
                1886-144X
                September 2023
                : 35
                : 3
                : 259-270
                Affiliations
                [2] Zaragoza Aragón orgnameUniversidad de Zaragoza Spain
                [3] Valencia orgnameUniversity of Valencia Spain
                [1] Valencia orgnameUniversity of Valencia Spain
                Article
                S1886-144X2023000300005 S1886-144X(23)03500300005
                10.7334/psicothema2022.339
                10b20c01-46bf-44b3-8a8c-ed3bb2d7ae37

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 24 October 2022
                : 11 August 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 70, Pages: 12
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Articles

                Trastornos del Espectro Autista,Parent Anxiety,Early Intervention,Parental Stress,Autism Spectrum Disorders,Mindfulness Parenting,Intervención Temprana,Estrés Parental

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