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      The trend of incidence and burden of neurological disease in Iran between 1990 and 2017: Based on global burden of disease estimations

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          Abstract

          Neurological disease contributes significantly to morbidity and mortality in different ages and geographic areas around the world. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the incidence and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) trend of neurological disease in Iran during 27 years ago. We used the data of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study to estimate the incidence and DALYs of neurological disease in Iran in different age groups between 1990 and 2017. Age groups were defined in 5 groups including < 5 years, 5-14 years, 15-49 years, 50-69 years, and ≥ 70 years. The incidence number of neurological disease during 1990 to 2017 increased from 7.5 million to more than 12 million and the incidence rate grew as much as 1400 per 100000 populations in Iran. Totally, headache, epilepsy, and Alzheimer were the most common neurological diseases according to incidence and had the most values of DALY in Iran. The highest incidence and DALY of neurological disease was observed in the age group of 15-49 years. This study showed that the incidence and burden of neurological diseases had a dramatic increasing trend during 27 years ago in Iran. Consequently, it is necessary to investigate the causes of the growing trend in future studies.

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          2015 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures.

          (2015)
          This report discusses the public health impact of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), including incidence and prevalence, mortality rates, costs of care and the overall effect on caregivers and society. It also examines the challenges encountered by health care providers when disclosing an AD diagnosis to patients and caregivers. An estimated 5.3 million Americans have AD; 5.1 million are age 65 years, and approximately 200,000 are age <65 years and have younger onset AD. By mid-century, the number of people living with AD in the United States is projected to grow by nearly 10 million, fueled in large part by the aging baby boom generation. Today, someone in the country develops AD every 67 seconds. By 2050, one new case of AD is expected to develop every 33 seconds, resulting in nearly 1 million new cases per year, and the estimated prevalence is expected to range from 11 million to 16 million. In 2013, official death certificates recorded 84,767 deaths from AD, making AD the sixth leading cause of death in the United States and the fifth leading cause of death in Americans age 65 years. Between 2000 and 2013, deaths resulting from heart disease, stroke and prostate cancer decreased 14%, 23% and 11%, respectively, whereas deaths from AD increased 71%. The actual number of deaths to which AD contributes (or deaths with AD) is likely much larger than the number of deaths from AD recorded on death certificates. In 2015, an estimated 700,000 Americans age 65 years will die with AD, and many of them will die from complications caused by AD. In 2014, more than 15 million family members and other unpaid caregivers provided an estimated 17.9 billion hours of care to people with AD and other dementias, a contribution valued at more than $217 billion. Average per-person Medicare payments for services to beneficiaries age 65 years with AD and other dementias are more than two and a half times as great as payments for all beneficiaries without these conditions, and Medicaid payments are 19 times as great. Total payments in 2015 for health care, long-term care and hospice services for people age 65 years with dementia are expected to be $226 billion. Among people with a diagnosis of AD or another dementia, fewer than half report having been told of the diagnosis by their health care provider. Though the benefits of a prompt, clear and accurate disclosure of an AD diagnosis are recognized by the medical profession, improvements to the disclosure process are needed. These improvements may require stronger support systems for health care providers and their patients.
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            Economic burden of transformed migraine: results from the American Migraine Prevalence and Prevention (AMPP) Study.

            Julie Munakata, Elisabeth Hazard, Daniel Serrano … (2009)
            To evaluate the impact of incident transformed migraine on health care resource utilization, medication use, and productivity loss. In addition, the study estimates the total direct and indirect costs associated with transformed migraine. Emerging evidence indicates that migraine may be a chronic progressive disorder characterized by escalating frequency of headache attacks, often termed transformed migraine. Little is known about the economic impact of transformed migraine. AMPP is a 5-year, national, longitudinal survey study of headache in the US. The study utilized data from the 2006 follow-up survey based on an initial sample of 14,544 adults identified as having migraine in either the 2004 screening or 2005 baseline survey. A diagnosis of migraine was assigned based on criteria proposed by the International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd Edition. Participants completed self-administered, validated questionnaires on headache features, frequency, impairment, resource use, medication use, and productivity loss. Direct and indirect headache-related costs were estimated using unit cost assumptions from the PharMetrics Patient-Centric database, wholesale acquisition costs (Red Book), and wage data from the US Bureau of Labor Statistics. Those who developed transformed migraine were compared with those who did not develop transformed migraine in the 1-2 year interval between screening/baseline and follow-up. A total of 7796 (54%) identified migraine cases completed the 2006 follow-up survey. Of those cases, 359 (4.6%) developed transformed migraine. Participants who developed transformed migraine reported significantly more primary care visits, neurologist or headache specialist visits, pain clinic visits, and emergency room visits compared with participants whose migraine remained episodic. Hospital nights and urgent care visits did not reach statistical significance. Transformed migraine participants reported significantly more time missed at work or school because of headaches and more time where work or school productivity was reduced by >50% in the previous 3 months because of headaches. Average per-person annual total costs, including direct and indirect costs, were 4.4-fold greater for those who developed transformed migraine ($7750) compared with those who remained episodic ($1757). Transformed migraine exacts a significantly higher economic toll on patients and health care systems compared with other forms of migraine. Our findings support the need to prevent migraine progression and to provide appropriate management and treatment of transformed migraine.
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              The global burden of disease in 1990: summary results, sensitivity analysis and future directions.

              D. López, D Jamison, Conor Murray (1993)
              A basic requirement for evaluating the cost-effectiveness of health interventions is a comprehensive assessment of the amount of ill health (premature death and disability) attributable to specific diseases and injuries. A new indicator, the number of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), was developed to assess the burden of disease and injury in 1990 for over 100 causes by age, sex and region. The DALY concept provides an integrative, comprehensive methodology to capture the entire amount of ill health which will, on average, be incurred during one's lifetime because of new cases of disease and injury in 1990. It differs in many respects from previous attempts at global and regional health situation assessment which have typically been much less comprehensive in scope, less detailed, and limited to a handful of causes. This paper summarizes the DALY estimates for 1990 by cause, age, sex and region. For the first time, those responsible for deciding priorities in the health sector have access to a disaggregated set of estimates which, in addition to facilitating cost-effectiveness analysis, can be used to monitor global and regional health progress for over a hundred conditions. The paper also shows how the estimates depend on particular values of the parameters involved in the calculation.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Iran J Neurol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Iran J Neurol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): IJNL
                Title: Iranian Journal of Neurology
                Publisher: Tehran University of Medical Sciences (Tehran, Iran )
                ISSN (Print): 2008-384X
                ISSN (Electronic): 2252-0058
                Publication date (Print): 6 July 2019
                Volume: 18
                Issue: 3
                Pages: 134-142
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
                [2 ]Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
                Author notes
                Corresponding Author: Mohammad Hossein Harirchian Email: harirchm@ 123456sina.tums.ac.ir
                Article
                Publisher ID: IJNL-18-134
                PMC ID: 6858595
                PubMed ID: 31749935
                SO-VID: 10d58031-e643-4aa6-b82f-ba674bf1f9a5
                Copyright © Copyright © 2015 Iranian Neurological Association, and Tehran University of Medical Sciences
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 26 February 2019
                Date accepted : 3 May 2019
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article

                Keywords: incidence,global burden of disease,disability-adjusted life year,neurological disorders,iran
                Data availability:
                Keywords: incidence, global burden of disease, disability-adjusted life year, neurological disorders, iran

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