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      Critical elements of flocculation in drinking water treatment

      1 , 1
      AWWA Water Science
      John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
      coagulation, flocculation, jar test, mixing, optimization

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          Abstract

          The specific focus of this study was on the effects of flocculation duration, intensity, and scheme (i.e., single or multistage) on floc formation (time and size) and treated turbidity (settled and filtered). The results showed that floc formation times were 2–8 times longer under charge neutralization conditions compared with sweep flocculation conditions for the low‐turbidity and low‐organics water studied. Settled turbidity removals were dependent on the applied mixing conditions. Filtered turbidity was found to be independent of the investigated flocculation conditions, which calls into question the true value of mixing conditions with substantial implications on facility design, operation, and regulation. While at least 9 min of flocculation time was necessary under some coagulation conditions, the intensity and scheme of flocculation were not critical to overall treatment efficiency under the studied conditions. These findings might offer potential savings to water utilities in terms of design, construction, operation, and maintenance costs.

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          Author and article information

          Journal
          10.1002/(ISSN)2577-8161
          AWWA Water Science
          AWWA Wat Sci
          John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (Hoboken, USA )
          2577-8161
          2577-8161
          29 December 2020
          Affiliations
          Charlotte; North Carolina US UNC Charlotte
          Article
          10.1002/aws2.1213
          10ef71f8-b6dc-4068-9edd-c31a1963deb5
          © 2020 American Water Works Association
          History

          Earth & Environmental sciences,Oceanography & Hydrology,Chemistry,Engineering,Civil engineering,Environmental engineering
          jar test,mixing,optimization,flocculation,coagulation

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