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      Critical elements of flocculation in drinking water treatment

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      AWWA Water Science
      John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
      coagulation, flocculation, jar test, mixing, optimization

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          Abstract

          The specific focus of this study was on the effects of flocculation duration, intensity, and scheme (i.e., single or multistage) on floc formation (time and size) and treated turbidity (settled and filtered). The results showed that floc formation times were 2–8 times longer under charge neutralization conditions compared with sweep flocculation conditions for the low‐turbidity and low‐organics water studied. Settled turbidity removals were dependent on the applied mixing conditions. Filtered turbidity was found to be independent of the investigated flocculation conditions, which calls into question the true value of mixing conditions with substantial implications on facility design, operation, and regulation. While at least 9 min of flocculation time was necessary under some coagulation conditions, the intensity and scheme of flocculation were not critical to overall treatment efficiency under the studied conditions. These findings might offer potential savings to water utilities in terms of design, construction, operation, and maintenance costs.

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          Most cited references41

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          MWH's Water Treatment

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            Monitoring particle aggregation processes.

            A wide range of test methods for monitoring particle aggregation processes is reviewed. These include techniques for measuring aggregation rates in fundamental studies and those which are useful in the monitoring and control of practical coagulation/flocculation processes. Most emphasis is on optical methods, including light transmission (turbidity) and light scattering measurements and the fundamentals of these phenomena are briefly introduced. It is shown that in some cases, absolute aggregation rates can be derived. However, even when only relative rates can be obtained, these can still be very useful, for instance in defining optimum flocculation conditions. Some of the methods available for investigating properties of aggregates (flocs), such as size, strength and fractal dimension are also discussed, along with some related properties such as sedimentation rate and filterability of flocculated suspensions.
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              Effect of shear schedule on particle size, density, and structure during flocculation in stirred tanks

                Author and article information

                Journal
                10.1002/(ISSN)2577-8161
                AWWA Water Science
                AWWA Wat Sci
                John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (Hoboken, USA )
                2577-8161
                2577-8161
                29 December 2020
                Affiliations
                Charlotte; North Carolina US UNC Charlotte
                Article
                10.1002/aws2.1213
                10ef71f8-b6dc-4068-9edd-c31a1963deb5
                © 2020 American Water Works Association
                History

                Earth & Environmental sciences,Oceanography & Hydrology,Chemistry,Engineering,Civil engineering,Environmental engineering
                optimization,coagulation,flocculation,jar test,mixing

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