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      Comportamiento de las infecciones nosocomiales en Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos en un quinquenio (2005 - 2009) Translated title: Nosocomial infections behavior in Intensive Care Unit in 5 years (2005 - 2009)

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          Abstract

          Fundamento: la mortalidad por sepsis de pacientes en estado crítico es frecuentemente alta; cuando un paciente fallece en Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos es más probable que sea a consecuencia de una sepsis que por cualquier otra causa. Objetivo: describir el comportamiento de las infecciones nosocomiales en una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos. Métodos: estudio retrospectivo, de serie de casos realizado en el Hospital General Universitario Vladimir I. Lenin, de Holguín, que abarca el quinquenio 2005-2009. Se incluyeron 468 pacientes con infecciones nosocomiales diagnosticadas después de 48 horas de su ingreso sin infecciones previas. Los datos fueron obtenidos del libro de registro de infecciones nosocomiales y se determinaron las tasas por año y mes, la localización más frecuente de infección (con una evaluación de las infecciones respiratorias) y los gérmenes más frecuentemente aislados. Se determinó si existía alguna tendencia en las tasas, mediante la prueba de Mann-Kendall para un 95 % de confianza. Resultados: la tasa media de infección fue de 22,5. La media de infecciones fue mayor en los meses cálidos y húmedos de verano (superior al 22 %, p=0,28). La localización más frecuente fue la respiratoria (257/54,9 %) predominando la neumonía asociada a la ventilación mecánica (126/49 %). La tasa media de neumonía por 1 000 días de ventilación fue de 20,3. Los gérmenes más frecuentemente aislados fueron los gramnegativos multirresistentes; predominando el Acinetobacter baumannii (42 aislamientos, 17 en hemocultivos). Conclusiones: predominaron las neumonías asociadas a la ventilación mecánica y la localización respiratoria en las infecciones nosocomiales.

          Translated abstract

          Background: Sepsis-related mortality in critically ill patients is often high. When a patient dies in the intensive care unit, this is more likely to be a result of a sepsis than of any other cause. Objective: To describe the behavior of nosocomial infections in the Intensive Care Unit. Methods: Retrospective case series study conducted at the General University Hospital Vladimir I. Lenin, in Holguín, during the five years period from 2005 to 2009. A number of 468 patients that were diagnosed with nosocomial infections after 48 hours of admission, having presented no previous infections, were included. Data were obtained from the logbook for nosocomial infections and rates according to year and month, as well as to the most common place of infection (with an assessment of respiratory infections) and most frequently isolated germs were determined. Through the Mann-Kendall test for a 95% confidence, it was also determined whether there was any specific trend in the rates. Results: The average rate of infection was 22.5. The average number of infections was higher in the warm, humid months of summer (above 22%, p = 0.28). The most frequent allocation was the respiratory system (257/54, 9%), being mechanical ventilation associated pneumonia (126/49%) the most common condition. The average rate of pneumonia per 1 000 days of ventilation was 20.3. Multidrug-resistant gram-negatives were the most frequently isolated bacteria, being acinetobacter baumannii the predominating ones (42 in isolation, 17 in blood cultures). Conclusions: mechanical ventilation associated pneumonia and respiratory allocation of nosocomial infections were predominant.

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          Acinetobacter baumannii: epidemiology, antimicrobial resistance, and treatment options.

          Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii is recognized to be among the most difficult antimicrobial-resistant gram-negative bacilli to control and treat. Increasing antimicrobial resistance among Acinetobacter isolates has been documented, although definitions of multidrug resistance vary in the literature. A. baumannii survives for prolonged periods under a wide range of environmental conditions. The organism causes outbreaks of infection and health care-associated infections, including bacteremia, pneumonia, meningitis, urinary tract infection, and wound infection. Antimicrobial resistance greatly limits the therapeutic options for patients who are infected with this organism, especially if isolates are resistant to the carbapenem class of antimicrobial agents. Because therapeutic options are limited for multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter infection, the development or discovery of new therapies, well-controlled clinical trials of existing antimicrobial regimens and combinations, and greater emphasis on the prevention of health care-associated transmission of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter infection are essential.
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            Bad bugs need drugs: an update on the development pipeline from the Antimicrobial Availability Task Force of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

            The Antimicrobial Availability Task Force (AATF) of the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) has viewed with concern the decreasing investment by major pharmaceutical companies in antimicrobial research and development. Although smaller companies are stepping forward to address this gap, their success is uncertain. The IDSA proposed legislative and other federal solutions to this emerging public health problem in its July 2004 policy report "Bad Bugs, No Drugs: As Antibiotic R&D Stagnates, a Public Health Crisis Brews." At this time, the legislative response cannot be predicted. To emphasize further the urgency of the problem for the benefit of legislators and policy makers and to capture the ongoing frustration our clinician colleagues experience in their frequent return to an inadequate medicine cabinet, the AATF has prepared this review to highlight pathogens that are frequently resistant to licensed antimicrobials and for which few, if any, potentially effective drugs are identifiable in the late-stage development pipeline.
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              Nosocomial infections in adult intensive-care units.

              Nosocomial infections affect about 30% of patients in intensive-care units and are associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Several risk factors have been identified, including the use of catheters and other invasive equipment, and certain groups of patients-eg, those with trauma or burns-are recognised as being more susceptible to nosocomial infection than others. Awareness of these factors and adherence to simple preventive measures, such as adequate hand hygiene, can limit the burden of disease. Management of nosocomial infection relies on adequate and appropriate antibiotic therapy, which should be selected after discussion with infectious-disease specialists and adapted as microbiological data become available.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                ms
                MediSur
                Medisur
                Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de Cienfuegos, Centro Provincial de Ciencias Médicas Provincia de Cienfuegos. (Cienfuegos )
                1727-897X
                October 2011
                : 9
                : 5
                : 467-473
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Hospital General Universitario Vladimir I. Lenin Cuba
                Article
                S1727-897X2011000500009
                11045afe-e956-463d-abbe-2d770d468f45

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Cuba

                Self URI (journal page): http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1727-897X&lng=en
                Categories
                HEALTH CARE SCIENCES & SERVICES

                Health & Social care
                cross infection,epidemiology,intensive care units,infección hospitalaria,epidemiología,unidades de terapia intensiva

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