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      Test of Colonisation Scenarios Reveals Complex Invasion History of the Red Tomato Spider Mite Tetranychus evansi

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          Abstract

          The spider mite Tetranychus evansi is an emerging pest of solanaceous crops worldwide. Like many other emerging pests, its small size, confusing taxonomy, complex history of associations with humans, and propensity to start new populations from small inocula, make the study of its invasion biology difficult. Here, we use recent developments in Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) and variation in multi-locus genetic markers to reconstruct the complex historical demography of this cryptic invasive pest. By distinguishing among multiple pathways and timing of introductions, we find evidence for the “bridgehead effect”, in which one invasion serves as source for subsequent invasions. Tetranychus evansi populations in Europe and Africa resulted from at least three independent introductions from South America and involved mites from two distinct sources in Brazil, corresponding to highly divergent mitochondrial DNA lineages. Mites from southwest Brazil (BR-SW) colonized the African continent, and from there Europe through two pathways in a “bridgehead” type pattern. One pathway resulted in a widespread invasion, not only to Europe, but also to other regions in Africa, southern Europe and eastern Asia. The second pathway involved the mixture with a second introduction from BR-SW leading to an admixed population in southern Spain. Admixture was also detected between invasive populations in Portugal. A third introduction from the Brazilian Atlantic region resulted in only a limited invasion in Europe. This study illustrates that ABC methods can provide insights into, and distinguish among, complex invasion scenarios. These processes are critical not only in understanding the biology of invasions, but also in refining management strategies for invasive species. For example, while reported observations of the mite and outbreaks in the invaded areas were largely consistent with estimates of geographical expansion from the ABC approach, historical observations failed to recognize the complex pathways involved and the corresponding effects on genetic diversity.

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          DnaSP, DNA polymorphism analyses by the coalescent and other methods.

          DnaSP is a software package for the analysis of DNA polymorphism data. Present version introduces several new modules and features which, among other options allow: (1) handling big data sets (approximately 5 Mb per sequence); (2) conducting a large number of coalescent-based tests by Monte Carlo computer simulations; (3) extensive analyses of the genetic differentiation and gene flow among populations; (4) analysing the evolutionary pattern of preferred and unpreferred codons; (5) generating graphical outputs for an easy visualization of results. The software package, including complete documentation and examples, is freely available to academic users from: http://www.ub.es/dnasp
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            Evolutionary genetics of invasive species

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              Genetic variation increases during biological invasion by a Cuban lizard.

              A genetic paradox exists in invasion biology: how do introduced populations, whose genetic variation has probably been depleted by population bottlenecks, persist and adapt to new conditions? Lessons from conservation genetics show that reduced genetic variation due to genetic drift and founder effects limits the ability of a population to adapt, and small population size increases the risk of extinction. Nonetheless, many introduced species experiencing these same conditions during initial introductions persist, expand their ranges, evolve rapidly and become invasive. To address this issue, we studied the brown anole, a worldwide invasive lizard. Genetic analyses indicate that at least eight introductions have occurred in Florida from across this lizard's native range, blending genetic variation from different geographic source populations and producing populations that contain substantially more, not less, genetic variation than native populations. Moreover, recently introduced brown anole populations around the world originate from Florida, and some have maintained these elevated levels of genetic variation. Here we show that one key to invasion success may be the occurrence of multiple introductions that transform among-population variation in native ranges to within-population variation in introduced areas. Furthermore, these genetically variable populations may be particularly potent sources for introductions elsewhere. The growing problem of invasive species introductions brings considerable economic and biological costs. If these costs are to be mitigated, a greater understanding of the causes, progression and consequences of biological invasions is needed.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, USA )
                1932-6203
                2012
                23 April 2012
                : 7
                : 4
                : e35601
                Affiliations
                [1 ]INRA, UMR CBGP (INRA/IRD/Cirad/Montpellier SupAgro), CS 30016, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
                [2 ]Environmental Science Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
                [3 ]Faculdade de Ciências, Centro de Biologia Ambiental, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
                Ghent University, Belgium
                Author notes

                Conceived and designed the experiments: AB AM. Performed the experiments: AB. Analyzed the data: AB AM JMC MN. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: GKR JMC AM SM. Wrote the paper: AB AM MN. Made comments on earlier versions of the Manuscript: PA. Improved the writing of the manuscript: GKR. Sampling, made suggestions on the manuscript: SM.

                Article
                PONE-D-11-12174
                10.1371/journal.pone.0035601
                3335100
                22539983
                110a6fdf-26cc-46cb-befa-9516736f8e86
                Boubou et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
                History
                : 28 June 2011
                : 21 March 2012
                Page count
                Pages: 13
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology
                Ecology
                Population Ecology
                Evolutionary Biology
                Evolutionary Systematics
                Phylogenetics
                Population Genetics
                Genetics
                Population Genetics
                Plant Science
                Plant Pathology
                Plant Pests
                Population Biology
                Population Genetics
                Genetic Polymorphism
                Haplotypes
                Population Ecology
                Mathematics
                Probability Theory
                Bayes Theorem

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                Uncategorized

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