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      Ontogenetic skull variation in an Amazonian population of lowland tapir, Tapirus terrestris (Mammalia: Perissodactyla) in the department of Loreto, Peru

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT The skulls of 54 specimens of the South American tapir, Tapirus terrestris collected in the department of Loreto, Peru were measured, analyzed and compared to investigate skull development of this species. Univariate, multivariate and allometric analyses were performed using 32 skull variables through traditional morphometrics. Significant skull shape variation was detected among ontogenetic classes. Young individuals (class I, n = 22) showed higher variation than subadults and adults (class II, n = 23 and class III, n = 9), without evidence of sexual dimorphism (males = 35, females = 19). Principal component analyses and discriminant function analysis showed almost complete separation of the age classes. Allometric analysis indicated a tendency of unproportioned cranial growth. All our samples come from the same population living under the same ecological condition, which eliminates the effect of confounding variables related to habitat on the pattern of ontogenetic variation of this anatomical structure.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMEN Se midió, analizó y comparó 54 cráneos de tapir sudamericano, Tapirus terrestris recolectados en el departamento de Loreto, Perú, para investigar el desarrollo craneal de esta especie. Se realizaron análisis univariados, multivariados y alométricos de los cráneos utilizando 32 variables mediante morfometría tradicional. Se detectó una variación significativa de la forma del cráneo entre clases ontogenéticas. Los individuos más jóvenes (clase I, n = 22) mostraron mayor variación que subadultos y adultos (clases II, n = 23 y III, n = 9), pero sin evidencia de dimorfismo sexual (machos = 35, hembras = 19). Un análisis de componentes principales y un análisis de función discriminante mostraron una separación casi completa de las clases ontogenéticas. El análisis alométrico indicó una tendencia de crecimiento craneal desproporcionado. Todas nuestras muestras provienen de la misma población que vive bajo la misma condición ecológica, lo que elimina el efecto de confusión de variables relacionadas con el hábitat sobre el patrón de variaciones ontogenéticas de esta estructura anatómica.

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          Extensions of the Procrustes Method for the Optimal Superimposition of Landmarks

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            Size and shape in ontogeny and phylogeny

            We present a quantitative method for describing how heterochronic changes in ontogeny relate to phyletic trends. This is a step towards creating a unified view of developmental biology and evolutionary ecology in the study of morphological evolution. Using this representation, we obtain a greatly simplified and logical scheme of classification. We believe that this scheme will be particularly useful in studying the data of paleontology and comparative morphology and in the analysis of processes leading to adaptive radiation. We illustrate this scheme by examples drawn from the literature and our own work.
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              Formation of the Isthmus of Panama

              Independent evidence from rocks, fossils, and genes converge on a cohesive narrative of isthmus formation in the Pliocene.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                aa
                Acta Amazonica
                Acta Amaz.
                Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (Manaus, AM, Brazil )
                0044-5967
                1809-4392
                December 2021
                : 51
                : 4
                : 311-322
                Affiliations
                [3] Iquitos Loreto orgnameMuseo de las culturas indígenas de la Amazonia orgdiv1Fundamazonia Peru
                [2] Göttingen orgnameDeutsches Primatenzentrum orgdiv1Leibniz-Institut für Primatenforschung orgdiv2Abteilung Verhaltensökologie & Soziobiologie Germany
                [1] Iquitos Loreto orgnameUniversidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas-FCB orgdiv2Museo de Zoología Peru
                Article
                S0044-59672021000400311 S0044-5967(21)05100400311
                10.1590/1809-4392202101382
                1112fcff-57ac-43e6-92e1-d4956e322d5e

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 27 September 2021
                : 09 May 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 45, Pages: 12
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Biodiversity and Conservation

                ontogenia,tapir,cráneo,morfología,Amazonía,tapir, ontogeny,skull,morphology,Amazonia

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