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      Die Bedeutung der frühen mütterlichen Mind-mindedness für die Entwicklung der Empathiefähigkeit von zweijährigen Kindern

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          Abstract

          Die vorliegende Längsschnittstudie untersuchte den Zusammenhang zwischen mütterlicher Mind-mindedness ( Meins, 1997) im Alter von sieben Monaten und kindlicher Empathiefähigkeit mit 24 Monaten ( N = 47). Die mütterliche Mind-mindedness erwies sich insofern als Prädiktor für die kindliche Empathieentwicklung, als eine unangemessene Interpretation der kindlichen mentalen Zustände negativ mit Empathie korrelierte: Je häufiger Mütter die Wünsche ihres Babys missinterpretierten, desto weniger empathisch waren die Kleinkinder. Weitere Varianz konnte durch Geschwisteranzahl und Sprachkompetenz des Kindes aufgeklärt werden. Die mütterliche Mind-mindedness variierte jedoch in Abhängigkeit vom kindlichen Geschlecht: Die Mütter missinterpretierten die mentalen Zustände ihrer Söhne häufiger als jene ihrer Töchter. Zudem stellte sich heraus, dass eine unangemessene Interpretation der mentalen Zustände nur auf die Empathiefähigkeit der Jungen einen negativen Effekt hatte, während sich bei den Mädchen eine angemessene Interpretation förderlich auf das prosoziale Verhalten auswirkte. Die Ergebnisse werden in Bezug auf die Befunde der Forschergruppe um Meins (2001, 2002) diskutiert.

          How does early maternal mind-mindedness influence childrens empathy development?

          This study investigated the relation between maternal mind-mindedness ( Meins, 1997) at seven months and childrens empathy at 24 months ( N = 47). Maternal mind-mindedness was predictive of childrens empathic behaviour, such as a non-attuned interpretation of childrens mental states by the mother was negatively correlated with childrens empathy: the more mothers misinterpreted their childrens wishes and desires, the less empathic the children behaved towards their mothers in a simulated distress situation. Further variance was explained by the number of siblings and childrens verbal abilities. However, maternal mind-mindedness varied as a function of child gender: mothers more often misinterpreted their sons mental states than those of their daughters. Furthermore, a non-attuned interpretation of childrens internal states affected only the boys empathy development, whereas an appropriate mentalistic interpretation had a positive effect on girls prosocial behaviour. The findings are discussed in light of previous research on maternal mind-mindedness ( Meins, 2001, 2002).

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          Development of concern for others.

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            Young children's understanding of other people's feelings and beliefs: individual differences and their antecedents.

            Individual differences in young children's understanding of others' feelings and in their ability to explain human action in terms of beliefs, and the earlier correlates of these differences, were studied with 50 children observed at home with mother and sibling at 33 months, then tested at 40 months on affective-labeling, perspective-taking, and false-belief tasks. Individual differences in social understanding were marked; a third of the children offered explanations of actions in terms of false belief, though few predicted actions on the basis of beliefs. These differences were associated with participation in family discourse about feelings and causality 7 months earlier, verbal fluency of mother and child, and cooperative interaction with the sibling. Differences in understanding feelings were also associated with the discourse measures, the quality of mother-sibling interaction, SES, and gender, with girls more successful than boys. The results support the view that discourse about the social world may in part mediate the key conceptual advances reflected in the social cognition tasks; interaction between child and sibling and the relationships between other family members are also implicated in the growth of social understanding.
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              Constructing an understanding of mind: the development of children's social understanding within social interaction.

              Theories of children's developing understanding of mind tend to emphasize either individualistic processes of theory formation, maturation, or introspection, or the process of enculturation. However, such theories must be able to account for the accumulating evidence of the role of social interaction in the development of social understanding. We propose an alternative account, according to which the development of children's social understanding occurs within triadic interaction involving the child's experience of the world as well as communicative interaction with others about their experience and beliefs (Chapman 1991; 1999). It is through such triadic interaction that children gradually construct knowledge of the world as well as knowledge of other people. We contend that the extent and nature of the social interaction children experience will influence the development of children's social understanding. Increased opportunity to engage in cooperative social interaction and exposure to talk about mental states should facilitate the development of social understanding. We review evidence suggesting that children's understanding of mind develops gradually in the context of social interaction. Therefore, we need a theory of development in this area that accords a fundamental role to social interaction, yet does not assume that children simply adopt socially available knowledge but rather that children construct an understanding of mind within social interaction.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                zep
                Zeitschrift für Entwicklungspsychologie und Pädagogische Psychologie
                Hogrefe Verlag, Göttingen
                0049-8637
                2190-6262
                April 2013
                : 45
                : 2
                : 77-90
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
                Author notes
                Maria Licata, M. A., Dr. Susanne Kristen, Dr. Claudia Thoermer, Prof. Dr. Beate Sodian, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Institut für Entwicklungspsychologie, Leopoldstraße 13, 80802 München, E-Mail: Maria.Licata@ 123456psy.lmu.de
                Article
                zep_45_2_77
                10.1026/0049-8637/a000082
                11380641-811a-4c44-a1d8-910228cf9f23
                Copyright @ 2013
                History
                Categories
                Originalia

                Psychology,Family & Child studies,Development studies,Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Mind-mindedess,Kleinstkindalter,Mutter-Kind-Interaktion,Empathie,mother-child-interaction,mind-mindedness,empathy,toddler age

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