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      YM155 as an inhibitor of cancer stemness simultaneously inhibits autophosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor and G9a-mediated stemness in lung cancer cells

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          Abstract

          Cancer stem cell survival is the leading factor for tumor recurrence after tumor-suppressive treatments. Therefore, specific and efficient inhibitors of cancer stemness must be discovered for reducing tumor recurrence. YM155 has been indicated to significantly reduce stemness-derived tumorsphere formation. However, the pharmaceutical mechanism of YM155 against cancer stemness is unclear. This study investigated the potential mechanism of YM155 against cancer stemness in lung cancer. Tumorspheres derived from epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mutant HCC827 and EGFR wild-type A549 cells expressing higher cancer stemness markers ( CD133, Oct4, and Nanog) were used as cancer stemness models. We observed that EGFR autophosphorylation (Y1068) was higher in HCC827- and A549-derived tumorspheres than in parental cells; this autophosphorylation induced tumorsphere formation by activating G9a-mediated stemness. Notably, YM155 inhibited tumorsphere formation by blocking the autophosphorylation of EGFR and the EGFR-G9a-mediated stemness pathway. The chemical and genetic inhibition of EGFR and G9a revealed the significant role of the EGFR-G9a pathway in maintaining the cancer stemness property. In conclusion, this study not only revealed that EGFR could trigger tumorsphere formation by elevating G9a-mediated stemness but also demonstrated that YM155 could inhibit this formation by simultaneously blocking EGFR autophosphorylation and G9a activity, thus acting as a potent agent against lung cancer stemness.

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          Formation of pluripotent stem cells in the mammalian embryo depends on the POU transcription factor Oct4.

          Oct4 is a mammalian POU transcription factor expressed by early embryo cells and germ cells. We report that the activity of Oct4 is essential for the identity of the pluripotential founder cell population in the mammalian embryo. Oct4-deficient embryos develop to the blastocyst stage, but the inner cell mass cells are not pluripotent. Instead, they are restricted to differentiation along the extraembryonic trophoblast lineage. Furthermore, in the absence of a true inner cell mass, trophoblast proliferation is not maintained in Oct4-/- embryos. Expansion of trophoblast precursors is restored, however, by an Oct4 target gene product, fibroblast growth factor-4. Therefore, Oct4 also determines paracrine growth factor signaling from stem cells to the trophectoderm.
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            MatInd and MatInspector: new fast and versatile tools for detection of consensus matches in nucleotide sequence data.

            The identification of potential regulatory motifs in new sequence data is increasingly important for experimental design. Those motifs are commonly located by matches to IUPAC strings derived from consensus sequences. Although this method is simple and widely used, a major drawback of IUPAC strings is that they necessarily remove much of the information originally present in the set of sequences. Nucleotide distribution matrices retain most of the information and are thus better suited to evaluate new potential sites. However, sufficiently large libraries of pre-compiled matrices are a prerequisite for practical application of any matrix-based approach and are just beginning to emerge. Here we present a set of tools for molecular biologists that allows generation of new matrices and detection of potential sequence matches by automatic searches with a library of pre-compiled matrices. We also supply a large library (> 200) of transcription factor binding site matrices that has been compiled on the basis of published matrices as well as entries from the TRANSFAC database, with emphasis on sequences with experimentally verified binding capacity. Our search method includes position weighting of the matrices based on the information content of individual positions and calculates a relative matrix similarity. We show several examples suggesting that this matrix similarity is useful in estimating the functional potential of matrix matches and thus provides a valuable basis for designing appropriate experiments.
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              Histone methyltransferases G9a and GLP form heteromeric complexes and are both crucial for methylation of euchromatin at H3-K9.

              Histone H3 Lys 9 (H3-K9) methylation is a crucial epigenetic mark for transcriptional silencing. G9a is the major mammalian H3-K9 methyltransferase that targets euchromatic regions and is essential for murine embryogenesis. There is a single G9a-related methyltransferase in mammals, called GLP/Eu-HMTase1. Here we show that GLP is also important for H3-K9 methylation of mouse euchromatin. GLP-deficiency led to embryonic lethality, a severe reduction of H3-K9 mono- and dimethylation, the induction of Mage-a gene expression, and HP1 relocalization in embryonic stem cells, all of which were phenotypes of G9a-deficiency. Furthermore, we show that G9a and GLP formed a stoichiometric heteromeric complex in a wide variety of cell types. Biochemical analyses revealed that formation of the G9a/GLP complex was dependent on their enzymatic SET domains. Taken together, our new findings revealed that G9a and GLP cooperatively exert H3-K9 methyltransferase function in vivo, likely through the formation of higher-order heteromeric complexes.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: Conceptualization
                Role: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Funding acquisition
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisition
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Supervision
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Resources
                Role: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Validation
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Project administrationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: Project administrationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                7 August 2017
                2017
                : 12
                : 8
                : e0182149
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
                [2 ] Laboratory of Good Clinical Research Center, Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Tamsui District, New Taipei City, Taiwan
                [3 ] Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
                [4 ] Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
                [5 ] Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
                [6 ] Division of Gastroenterology, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
                [7 ] Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
                [8 ] Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
                Seoul National University College of Pharmacy, REPUBLIC OF KOREA
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6455-1798
                Article
                PONE-D-17-04178
                10.1371/journal.pone.0182149
                5546577
                28787001
                11508b14-d699-49eb-aa2a-d0ed6ec8b91d
                © 2017 Cheng et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 1 February 2017
                : 13 July 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 0, Pages: 15
                Funding
                This study was supported by grants from the Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan (MOST 105-2811-B-010-001), Cheng Hsin General Hospital (104-03), and Mackay Memorial Hospital (MMH-CT-10501).
                Categories
                Research Article
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Oncology
                Cancers and Neoplasms
                Lung and Intrathoracic Tumors
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Biochemistry
                Proteins
                Post-Translational Modification
                Phosphorylation
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Genetics
                Gene Expression
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Oncology
                Cancer Treatment
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Chemical Synthesis
                Reductive Methylation
                Physical Sciences
                Chemistry
                Chemical Reactions
                Methylation
                Biology and life sciences
                Cell biology
                Chromosome biology
                Chromatin
                Chromatin modification
                DNA methylation
                Biology and life sciences
                Genetics
                Epigenetics
                Chromatin
                Chromatin modification
                DNA methylation
                Biology and life sciences
                Genetics
                Gene expression
                Chromatin
                Chromatin modification
                DNA methylation
                Biology and life sciences
                Genetics
                DNA
                DNA modification
                DNA methylation
                Biology and life sciences
                Biochemistry
                Nucleic acids
                DNA
                DNA modification
                DNA methylation
                Biology and life sciences
                Genetics
                Epigenetics
                DNA modification
                DNA methylation
                Biology and life sciences
                Genetics
                Gene expression
                DNA modification
                DNA methylation
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Oncology
                Cancers and Neoplasms
                Lung and Intrathoracic Tumors
                Secondary Lung Tumors
                Custom metadata
                All relevant data are within the paper.

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