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      Patrones de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana “in vitro” de bacterias Gram negatives asilades de infección de vías urinarias en pacientes ambulatorios de una clínica del sur de la Ciudad de México Translated title: Patterns of in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of Gram-negative bacteria isolated from urinary tract infections in outpatients of a clinic in southern Ciudad de México

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar los patrones de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana de bacterias Gram negativas aisladas de cultivos de orina de pacientes ambulatorios, y asociarlos con variables como edad, sexo, infección urinaria previa y presencia de diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo observacional y trasversal, con cepas aisladas de 278 pacientes con infección urinaria baja, que acudieron a consulta externa a la CMF Dr. Ignacio Chávez del Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, del sur de la Ciudad de México, entre los meses de marzo de 2018 a febrero de 2019. Se utilizó el sistema Phoenix 100 de Becton Dickinson, tanto para identificación de cepas, como para determinación de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana. Se probaron 16 antimicrobianos. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva para determinar proporción de resistencias. Programa estadístico SPSS versión 22. Resultados: Se incluyeron 278 cepas: 231 Escherichia coli, 24 Klebsiella spp; 8 Enterobacter spp, 7 Proteus spp, 7 Citrobacter spp, 1 Serratia spp. La mayor resistencia fue para: ampicilina con 74,1 %, y la mayor sensibilidad para amikacina con 100 %. Del total de cepas, 140 (50,4 %) fueron Multi-Drogo-Resistentes, no hubo cepas Pan-Drogo-Resistentes. Al asociar las variables de estudio con la resistencia a cada antimicrobiano, sólo se obtuvo significancia estadística entre las cefalosporinas cefaxolina y cefoxitin, y el imipenem con el sexo de los pacientes, con mayor porcentaje en los hombres. Conclusiones: Se obtuvo una alta resistencia en prácticamente todos los grupos de antimicrobianos, lo que hace necesario estar al tanto de los patrones de susceptibilidad en cada zona o país.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Objectives: To determine patterns of antimicrobial susceptibility of Gram-negative bacteria isolated from urine cultures of outpatients, and to associate them with variables such as age, sex, previous urinary infection, and presence of type-2 diabetes mellitus. Material and methods: Descriptive, observational, cross-sectional study, with strains isolated from 278 patients with low urinary infection, who had outpatient consultation in CMF Dr. Ignacio Chávez of the Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadoresdel Estado, in southern Ciudad de México, between March 2018 and February 2019. The Becton-Dickinson Phoenix 100 system was used both for identifying strains, and for determining antimicrobial susceptibility. 16 antimicrobial agents were tested. Descriptive statistics was used for determining resistance proportion. Statistical programme SPSS version 22. Results: 278 strains were included: 231 Escherichia coli, 24 Klebsiella spp., 8 Enterobacter spp., 7 Proteus spp., 7 Citrobacter spp., 1 Serratia spp. The greatest resistance was for: ampicillin with 74.1% and the greatest sensitivity was for amikacin with 100%. Of all strains, 140 (50.4%) were multidrug resistant, and none was pandrug resistant. When the study variables were associated with resistance to each antimicrobial, there was statistical significance only between cephalosporins cefazolin and cefoxitin, as well as imipenem with patient sex, with higher percentage in men. Conclusions: High resistance was obtained in virtually all the groups of antimicrobials. This makes it necessary to be aware of susceptibility patterns in each area or country.

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          Risk factors for recurrent urinary tract infection in young women.

          To define host factors associated with an increased risk of recurrent urinary tract infection (RUTI), a case-control study was conducted in 2 populations: university women and health maintenance organization enrollees. Case patients were 229 women 18-30 years old with RUTIs; control subjects were 253 randomly selected women with no RUTI history. In a multivariate model, independent risk factors for RUTI included recent 1-month intercourse frequency (odds ratio [OR], 5.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.1-10.6 for 4-8 episodes), 12-month spermicide use (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.1-2.9), and new sex partner during the past year (OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.2-3.2). Two newly identified risk factors were age at first urinary tract infection (UTI)
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            Fluoroquinolone prescribing in the United States: 1995 to 2002.

            To measure changes in the rate and type of fluoroquinolones prescribed in the United States from 1995 to 2002. We performed a longitudinal analysis of the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey of adult visits to physicians in ambulatory clinics and emergency departments throughout the United States from 1995 to 2002. The main outcomes were fluoroquinolone prescribing rates and prescribing in accordance with Food and Drug Administration approval as of December 2002. Between 1995 and 2002, fluoroquinolones became the most commonly prescribed class of antibiotics to adults in the United States. Fluoroquinolone prescribing rose threefold, from 7 million visits in 1995 to 22 million visits in 2002 (P < 0.0001). Fluoroquinolone prescribing increased as a proportion of overall antibiotic prescribing (from 10% to 24%; P < 0.0001) and as a proportion of the U.S. population (from 39 to 106 prescriptions per 1000 adults; P < 0.001). These increases were due to the use of newer fluoroquinolones with activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae. Forty-two percent of fluoroquinolone prescriptions were for nonapproved diagnoses. Among patients receiving antibiotics, nonapproved fluoroquinolone prescribing increased over time (odds ratio = 1.18 per year; 95% confidence interval: 1.13 to 1.24). Fluoroquinolone prescribing increased threefold in outpatient clinics and emergency departments in the United States from 1995 to 2002. Fluoroquinolones became the most commonly prescribed class of antibiotics to adults in 2002. Nonapproved fluoroquinolone prescribing was common and increased over time. Such prescribing patterns are likely to be followed by an increasing prevalence of fluoroquinolone-resistant bacteria.
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              Community acquired multi-drug resistant clinical isolates of Escherichia coli in a tertiary care center of Nepal

              Background Multi-drug resistance (MDR) in Gram-negative organisms is an alarming problem in the world. MDR and extensively-drug resistance (XDR) is in increasing trend due to the production of different types of beta (β)-lactamases. Thus the aim of this study was to document the incidence of MDR and XDR in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli and also to find out the enzymatic mechanisms of β-lactam antibiotics resistance. Methods Two hundred clinical isolates of Escherichia coli (E. coli) identified by standard laboratory methods were studied. Antibiotic susceptibility profile was performed for all the isolates and the suspected isolates were phenotypically tested for the production of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL), metallo β-lactamase (MBL) and AmpC β-lactamase (AmpC) by recommended methods. Results Around three-fourth (78%) of the total isolates were multi-drug resistant. ESBL, MBL and AmpC production was found in 24%, 15% and 9% of isolates respectively. Amikacin, chloramphenicol and colistin were found to be the most effective antibiotics. Conclusions High percentage of MDR was observed. β-lactamase mediated resistance was also high. Thus, regular surveillance of drug resistance due to β-lactamases production and infection control policy are of utmost importance to minimize the spread of resistant strains.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                albacete
                Revista Clínica de Medicina de Familia
                Rev Clin Med Fam
                Sociedad Castellano-Manchega de Medicina de Familia y Comunitaria (Albacete, Castilla La Mancha, Spain )
                1699-695X
                2386-8201
                2020
                : 13
                : 2
                : 131-138
                Affiliations
                [2] Cd de México orgnameInstituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado orgdiv1Clínica de Medicina Familiar (CMF). Ignacio Chávez México
                [1] Cd de México orgnameUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina orgdiv2Laboratorio de Genómica Bacteriana. Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología Mexico
                Article
                S1699-695X2020000200005 S1699-695X(20)01300200005
                11517cf1-46fb-4f71-a1b5-a82bf0eac6ee

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 07 November 2019
                : 13 April 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 20, Pages: 8
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                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Originales

                Infección de vías urinarias,Bacterias Gram negativas,Gram-negative bacteria,Pacientes ambulatorios,Escherichia coli,Resistencia antimicrobiana,Urinary tract infections,Antimicrobial drug resistance,Outpatients

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