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      PTPN11 (SHP2) Is Indispensable for Growth Factors and Cytokine Signal Transduction During Bovine Oocyte Maturation and Blastocyst Development

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          Abstract

          This study was aimed to investigate the role of SHP2 (Src-homology-2-containing phosphotyrosine phosphatase) in intricate signaling networks invoked by bovine oocyte to achieve maturation and blastocyst development. PTPN11 (Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, non-receptor type 11) encoding protein SHP2, a positive transducer of RTKs (Receptor Tyrosine Kinases) and cytokine receptors, can play a significant role in bovine oocyte maturation and embryo development, but this phenomenon has not yet been explored. Here, we used different growth factors, cytokines, selective activator, and a specific inhibitor of SHP2 to ascertain its role in bovine oocyte developmental stages in vitro. We found that SHP2 became activated by growth factors and cytokines treatment and was highly involved in the activation of oocyte maturation and embryo development pathways. Activation of SHP2 triggered MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinases) and PI3K/AKT (Phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Protein kinase B) signaling cascades, which is not only important for GVBD (germinal vesical breakdown) induction but also for maternal mRNA translation. Inhibition of phosphatase activity of SHP2 with PHPS1 (Phenylhydrazonopyrazolone sulfonate 1) reduced oocytes maturation as well as bovine blastocyst ICM (inner cell mass) volume. Supplementation of LIF (Leukemia Inhibitory Factor) to embryos showed an unconventional direct relation between p-SHP2 and p-STAT3 (Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) for blastocyst ICM development. Other than growth factors and cytokines, cisplatin was used to activate SHP2. Cisplatin activated SHP2 modulate growth factors effect and combine treatment significantly enhanced quality and rate of developed blastocysts.

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          The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway is one of the most important pathways that regulate growth, survival, proliferation, and differentiation in mammalian cells. Reflecting this importance, it is one of the best-investigated signaling systems, both experimentally and computationally, and several computational models have been developed for dynamic analysis. A map of molecular interactions of the EGFR signaling system is a valuable resource for research in this area. In this paper, we present a comprehensive pathway map of EGFR signaling and other related pathways. The map reveals that the overall architecture of the pathway is a bow-tie (or hourglass) structure with several feedback loops. The map is created using CellDesigner software that enables us to graphically represent interactions using a well-defined and consistent graphical notation, and to store it in Systems Biology Markup Language (SBML).
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            The 'Shp'ing news: SH2 domain-containing tyrosine phosphatases in cell signaling.

            Src homology-2 (SH2) domain-containing phosphatases (Shps) are a small, highly conserved subfamily of protein-tyrosine phosphatases, members of which are present in both vertebrates and invertebrates. The mechanism of regulation of Shps by ligand binding is now well understood. Much is also known about the normal signaling pathways regulated by each Shp and the consequences of Shp deficiency. Recent studies have identified mutations in human Shp2 as the cause of the inherited disorder Noonan syndrome. Shp2 mutations might also contribute to the pathogenesis of some leukemias. In addition, Shp2 might be a key virulence determinant for the important human pathogen Helicobacter pylori. Despite these efforts, however, the key targets of each Shp have remained elusive. Identifying these substrates remains a major challenge for future research.
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              Self-organisation of the human embryo in the absence of maternal tissues

              Remodelling of the human embryo at implantation is indispensable for successful pregnancy. Yet it has remained mysterious because of the experimental hurdles that beset the study of this developmental phase. Here, we establish an in vitro system to culture human embryos through implantation stages in the absence of maternal tissues and reveal the key events of early human morphogenesis. These include segregation of the pluripotent embryonic and extra-embryonic lineages and morphogenetic re-arrangements leading to: generation of a bi-laminar disc, formation of a pro-amniotic cavity within the embryonic lineage, appearance of the prospective yolk sac, and trophoblast differentiation. Using human embryos and human pluripotent stem cells, we show that the reorganisation of the embryonic lineage is mediated by cellular polarisation leading to cavity formation. Together, our results indicate that the critical remodelling events at this stage of human development are embryo-autonomous highlighting the remarkable and unanticipated self-organising properties of human embryos.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Cells
                Cells
                cells
                Cells
                MDPI
                2073-4409
                18 October 2019
                October 2019
                : 8
                : 10
                : 1272
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Gyeongnam Province, Korea; idrees1600@ 123456gmail.com (M.I.); xulianguang428@ 123456gmail.com (L.X.); siwd2002@ 123456gmail.com (S.-H.S.); jmd1441@ 123456gmail.com (M.-D.J.); mtahir.khan@ 123456gnu.ac.kr (T.M.); marwa.el-sheikh@ 123456hotmail.com (M.E.S.); tabindasidrat06@ 123456gmail.com (T.S.)
                [2 ]The King Kong Ltd., Daegu 43017, Korea; 0920-0728@ 123456hanmail.net
                [3 ]Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Gyeongnam Province, Korea
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: ikong7900@ 123456gmail.com ; Tel.: +82-55-772-1942
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9715-0691
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5819-1397
                Article
                cells-08-01272
                10.3390/cells8101272
                6830097
                31635340
                1152c822-110a-474a-82ee-385f1d18b99c
                © 2019 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 06 September 2019
                : 15 October 2019
                Categories
                Article

                shp2 (ptpn11),phps1,cisplatin,growth factors,cytokines,map kinases,pi3k/akt,blastocyst

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