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      Beyond Altruism: Sociological Foundations of Cooperation and Prosocial Behavior

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      Annual Review of Sociology
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          Threshold Models of Collective Behavior

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            Collective Action and the Evolution of Social Norms

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              Human cooperation.

              Why should you help a competitor? Why should you contribute to the public good if free riders reap the benefits of your generosity? Cooperation in a competitive world is a conundrum. Natural selection opposes the evolution of cooperation unless specific mechanisms are at work. Five such mechanisms have been proposed: direct reciprocity, indirect reciprocity, spatial selection, multilevel selection, and kin selection. Here we discuss empirical evidence from laboratory experiments and field studies of human interactions for each mechanism. We also consider cooperation in one-shot, anonymous interactions for which no mechanisms are apparent. We argue that this behavior reflects the overgeneralization of cooperative strategies learned in the context of direct and indirect reciprocity: we show that automatic, intuitive responses favor cooperative strategies that reciprocate. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Annual Review of Sociology
                Annu. Rev. Sociol.
                Annual Reviews
                0360-0572
                1545-2115
                August 14 2015
                August 14 2015
                : 41
                : 1
                : 43-63
                Article
                10.1146/annurev-soc-073014-112242
                11c6ec18-fee2-4d7d-b60a-3840219a818c
                © 2015
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