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      Craniofacial Forms among Three Dominant Ethnic Groups of Gombe State, Nigeria Translated title: Formas Craneofaciales entre Tres Grupos Étnicos Dominantes del Estado de Gombe, Nigeria

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          Abstract

          Anthropometric measurements such as cranial and facial forms provide essential information that can be used added provide in orofacial surgery and in diagnostic comprehension between patient and normal populations. There is no published literature about the types of head and face shapes in Fulani, Tangale and Tera ethnic groups of Nigeria. Hence, this study was undertaken to document the various cranial and facial forms of these ethnic groups residing in Gombe region of North-Eastern Nigeria. Head length, head width, head circumference, face length and face width were measured and the cephalic and prosopic indices calculated in a total of 300 subjects (150 males and 150 females). Results analyzed placed all males of the three ethnic groups in dolicocephalic head group with mean cephalic indices lower than 74.9, while all females to mesocephalic head group with mean cephalic indices between the range of 75-79.9. On the basis of face shapes, The Fulani and Tera males were found to belong to hyperleptoprosopic group, while the Tangale and Tera females to leptoprosopic group with prosopic indices over 95 and between the ranges of 90-94.9, respectively. Therefore, the findings revealed that all males and females of the three ethnic groups share close similarities in head types and some variations in face types. Furthermore, variation of head and face shapes from this study exists with those of other studies within and outside Nigeria.

          Translated abstract

          Las medidas antropométricas tales como las formas craneales y faciales ofrecen importantes informaciones que son relevantes que pueden ser usadas en la cirugía orofacial y en la comprensión diagnóstica entre los pacientes y las poblaciones normales. No hay literatura publicada sobre los tipos de formas de la cabeza y la cara de los grupos étnicos Fulani, Tangale y Tera de Nigeria. Por lo tanto, este estudio se realizó para documentar las diversas formas craneales y faciales de estos grupos étnicos que residen en la región de Gombe, en el Noreste de Nigeria. Fueron medidos, longitud de la cabeza, ancho de la cabeza, circunferencia de la cabeza, longitud de la cara y ancho de la cara y se efectuaon los cálculos cefálicos y faciales en un total de 300 sujetos (150 hombres y mujeres 150). Los resultados analizados en los hombres Fulani, Tangale y Tera determinaron que éstos eran dolicocéfalos con una media de índices cefálicos menor que 74,9, mientras que las mujeres eran mesocefálicas, con índices cefálicos en el rango de 75 a 79,9. Con respecto a los tipos de cara, los hombres Fulanis y Tera se presentaron con índice prosopo en más del 95, por lo tanto, colocándolos en el grupo de cara hiperleptoprosópico, mientras que las mujeres Tangales y Tera presentaron en el índice prosopo un intervalo de 90 a 94,9, por lo tanto, colocándolas en el grupo leptoprosopo . Los resultados revelaron que los hombres y mujeres de los tres grupos étnicos comparten similitudes en los tipos de cabeza y algunas variaciones en los tipos de cara. Por otra parte, existe variación de las formas de cabeza y cara de este estudio con otros estudios realizados dentro y fuera de Nigeria.

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          Most cited references28

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          Cephalic index in a group of Mapuche individuals in the IX region of Chile

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            Cranial size and configuration in the Apert syndrome.

            The cranial size and configuration of the Apert cranium are unique. True megalencephaly is characteristic, postmortem brain weights being dramatically increased above the 95th centile regardless of age. In addition, all Apert newborn infants have coronal synostosis with a widely patent midline calvarial defect. Thus, the head is unusually heavy and the cranium is disproportionately high. These characteristics, which are present at birth, result in a mean newborn length and weight above the 50th centile. The widely patent midline calvarial defect, allowing the brain to expand anteriorly into the metopic area, and some increase in the head breadth permit the mean head circumference at birth to normalize slightly above the 50th centile. In our series of surgically unoperated patients of different ages from the 1960s and earlier, most head circumference values fall below the mean but within or at -2 SD. Thus, the natural history of the unoperated growing cranium, beginning slightly above the 50th centile at birth, consists of a slowing of head circumference expansion to a greater degree than normal. Studies of intracranial volume show that mean adult male and female volumes far exceed normal adult values. Cranial shape is distinctive with head breadth either being normal or slightly increased, head length being significantly shortened, and head height being dramatically increased. The mean cephalic index is hyperbrachycephalic. Sexual dimorphism is found, with higher values in females than in males; the cause is unknown, although the contributing component appears to be head breadth. The disproportionately high cranium in the Apert syndrome is dramatically shown by the great differences from normal in the head height/head breadth index and in the head height/head length index. Finally, the crania of Apert and Crouzon syndromes are compared in terms of size, shape, and volume. For Crouzon syndrome, the mean adult cephalic index is normocephalic and the mean adult intracranial volume is smaller than normal.
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              Correlation between craniofacial dimensions and foetal age

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                ijmorphol
                International Journal of Morphology
                Int. J. Morphol.
                Sociedad Chilena de Anatomía (Temuco )
                0717-9502
                March 2012
                : 30
                : 1
                : 211-216
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Gombe State University Nigeria
                Article
                S0717-95022012000100038
                10.4067/S0717-95022012000100038
                11ee5b03-0a93-4af0-9ff6-3407d5d68d1e

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Chile

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0717-9502&lng=en
                Categories
                ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY

                Anatomy & Physiology
                Cephalic index,Prosopic index,Head types,Face types,Índice cefálico,Índice prosopo,Tipos de cabeza,Tipos faciales

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