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      Caldera unrest driven by CO 2-induced drying of the deep hydrothermal system

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      1 , 3 , , 2 , 1 , 2
      Scientific Reports
      Nature Publishing Group UK

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          Abstract

          Interpreting volcanic unrest is a highly challenging and non-unique problem at calderas, since large hydrothermal systems may either hide or amplify the dynamics of buried magma(s). Here we use the exceptional ground displacement and geochemical datasets from the actively degassing Campi Flegrei caldera (Southern Italy) to show that ambiguities disappear when the thermal evolution of the deep hydrothermal system is accurately tracked. By using temperatures from the CO 2-CH 4 exchange of 13C and thermodynamic analysis of gas ascending in the crust, we demonstrate that after the last 1982–84 crisis the deep hydrothermal system evolved through supercritical conditions under the continuous isenthalpic inflow of hot CO 2-rich gases released from the deep (~8 km) magma reservoir of regional size. This resulted in the drying of the base of the hot hydrothermal system, no more buffered along the liquid-vapour equilibrium, and excludes any shallow arrival of new magma, whose abundant steam degassing due to decompression would have restored liquid-vapour equilibrium. The consequent CO 2-infiltration and progressive heating of the surrounding deforming rock volume cause the build-up of pore pressure in aquifers, and generate the striking temporal symmetry that characterizes the ongoing uplift and the post-1984 subsidence, both originated by the same but reversed deformation mechanism.

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          Most cited references52

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          Elastic stress and deformation near a finite spherical magma body: Resolution of the point source paradox

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            Geochemistry and Dynamics of the Yellowstone National Park Hydrothermal System

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              Unrest episodes at Campi Flegrei: A reconstruction of vertical ground movements during 1905–2009

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                roberto.moretti@unicampania.it
                Journal
                Sci Rep
                Sci Rep
                Scientific Reports
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2045-2322
                29 May 2018
                29 May 2018
                2018
                : 8
                : 8309
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2200 8888, GRID grid.9841.4, Dipartimento di Ingegneria, , Scuola Politecnica e delle Scienze di Base, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, ; Via Roma 29, 81031 Aversa, CE Italy
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2300 5064, GRID grid.410348.a, Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, , sezione di Napoli Osservatorio Vesuviano, ; Via Diocleziano 328, 80124 Napoli, Italy
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0675 8101, GRID grid.9489.c, Present Address: Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris – équipe Systèmes Volcaniques, ; 1 rue Jussieu, 75238 Paris, cedex 05 France
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2031-5192
                Article
                26610
                10.1038/s41598-018-26610-2
                5974283
                29844515
                11feb9bd-b35c-4589-bcfa-4b7b685d4600
                © The Author(s) 2018

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 2 August 2017
                : 14 May 2018
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