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      Genetic Risk in Insurance Field

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          Abstract

          The risk-delimiting tools available to insurance companies are therefore substantial and it is also possible to argue that a margin of uncertainty is a natural component of the insurance contract.

          Despite this, businesses look at the potential of predictive medicine, and in particular the growing understanding of genetic mechanisms that support many common diseases.

          In particular, the rapid development of genetics has led many insurance companies to glimpse in the predictive diagnosis of disease by genetic testing the possibility of extending the calculation of the individual risk of developing a particular disease to appropriate premiums or even denying insurance coverage.

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          Ethical and Legal Issues in Gestational Surrogacy

          Claudia Casella, Emanuele Capasso, Lucia Terracciano … (2018)
          Abstract This study originated from events that occurred in 2014 in an Italian hospital, where the embryos of a couple, obtained by means of homologous insemination, were mistakenly implanted into the uterus of another woman who, along with her husband, underwent the same treatment. Faced with this serious adverse circumstance, that gives rise to ethical and legal issues, the authors conducted a comparative examination of how to consider the division of maternity (between biological mother and uterine mother) and the related division of paternity (between genetic father and legal father, husband or partner of the gestational mother). Some preliminary observations are made concerning parenthood and filiation within the context of currently applicable Italian law. The following is a detailed analysis of the arguments in favour of the parental figures involved (gestational mother/genetic mother).
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            Contralateral risk reducing mastectomy in Non-BRCA-Mutated patients

            Giuseppe Falco, Nicola Rocco, Daniele Bordoni … (2016)
            Abstract The use of contralateral risk reducing mastectomy (CRRM) is indicated in women affected by breast cancer, who are at high risk of developing a contralateral breast cancer, particularly women with genetic mutation of BRCA1, BRCA2 and P53. However we should consider that the genes described above account for only 20-30% of the excess familiar risk. What is contralaterally indicated when genetic assessment results negative for mutation in a young patient with unilateral breast cancer? Is it ethically correct to remove a contralateral “healthy” breast? CRRM rates continue to rise all over the world although CRRM seems not to improve overall survival in women with unilateral sporadic breast cancer. The decision to pursue CRRM as part of treatment in women who have a low-to-moderate risk of developing a secondary cancer in the contralateral breast should consider both breast cancer individual-features and patients preferences, but should be not supported by the surgeon and avoided as first approach with the exception of women highly worried about cancer. Prospective studies are needed to identify cohorts of patients most likely to benefit from CRRM.
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              Professional dental and oral surgery liability in Italy: a comparative analysis of the insurance products offered to health workers

              Pierpaolo Di Lorenzo, Mariano Paternoster, Mariarosaria Nugnes … (2016)
              Abstract Introduction In Italy there has been an increase in claims for damages for alleged medical malpractice. A study was therefore conducted that aimed at assessing the content of the coverage of insurance policy contracts offered to oral health professionals by the insurance market. Material and methods The sample analysed composed of 11 insurance policy contracts for professional dental liability offered from 2010 to 2015 by leading insurance companies operating in the Italian market. Results The insurance products analysed are structured on the “claims made” clause. No policy contract examined covers the damage due to the failure to acquire consent for dental treatment and, in most cases, damage due to unsatisfactory outcomes of treatment of an aesthetic nature and the failure to respect regulatory obligations on privacy. Discussion On entering into a professional liability insurance policy contract, the dentist should pay particular attention to the period covered by the guarantee, the risks both covered and excluded, as well as the extent of the limit of liability and any possible fixed/percentage excess. Conclusions When choosing a professional liability contract, a dentist should examine the risks in relation to the professional activity carried out before signing.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Open Med (Wars)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Open Med (Wars)
                Journal ID (publisher-id): med
                Journal ID (pmc): med
                Title: Open Medicine
                Publisher: De Gruyter
                ISSN (Electronic): 2391-5463
                Publication date (Electronic): 24 August 2018
                Publication date Collection: 2018
                Volume: 13
                Pages: 294-297
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Section of Legal Medicine , Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
                [2 ]Department of Surgery, Radiology and Public Health, Public Health and Humanities Section, University of Brescia – Centre of Bioethics Research (with the contribution of IRCCS “S. Giovanni di Dio - Fatebenefratelli”), Italy . P.le Spedali Civili, 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy
                [3 ]Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II . Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
                [4 ]Jurisprudence School, University of Camerino , Via A. D’Accorso 16, 62032, Camerino (MC), Italy
                Author notes
                Article
                Publisher ID: med-2018-0045
                DOI: 10.1515/med-2018-0045
                PMC ID: 6110137
                SO-VID: 1211eb48-a5e0-49d8-b20a-8b32af15957c
                Copyright © © 2018 Paola Bin et al., published by De Gruyter
                License:

                This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

                History
                Date received : 12 December 2017
                Date accepted : 02 July 2018
                Page count
                Pages: 4
                Categories
                Subject: Regular Articles

                Keywords: genetics,insurance,risk assessment
                Data availability:
                Keywords: genetics, insurance, risk assessment

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