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      Los anticoagulantes orales directos en el tratamiento de la enfermedad tromboembólica venosa asociada a cáncer. Evidencias y recomendaciones Translated title: Direct oral anticoagulants in the treatment of venous thromboembolic disease associated with cancer. Evidence and recommendations

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          Abstract

          Resumen Revisión en PubMed y Medline hasta el 31 de marzo de 2021 buscando la evidencia disponible sobre el tratamiento de la enfermedad tromboembólica venosa (ETV) con anticoagulantes orales directos (AOD) en pacientes con cáncer. Se incluyen 15 ensayos aleatorios y controlados, 26 revisiones sistemáticas y metaanálisis y 6 guías de práctica clínica. En pacientes con cáncer, los AOD como tratamiento (inicial y a largo plazo) de la ETV son una opción eficaz y segura frente a las heparinas de bajo peso molecular (HBPM). El riesgo de ETV recurrente es menor con AOD, sin que aumente significativamente el riesgo de hemorragia mayor. En comparación con la HBPM, el riesgo de hemorragia no es mayor, pero desde un punto de vista clínicamente relevante es superior. El mayor riesgo de hemorragia en pacientes tratados con AOD parece estar relacionado con un exceso de hemorragia digestiva alta. Además del cáncer gastrointestinal, otras características de alto riesgo asociadas a las complicaciones hemorrágicas son el cáncer urotelial, las interacciones medicamentosas y el uso de medicamentos contra el cáncer asociados con la toxicidad gastrointestinal. Por todo ello, los AOD deben usarse con precaución en pacientes con cáncer y alto riesgo de hemorragia. Las preferencias individuales son otro aspecto relevante al indicar AOD.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract A review (PubMed/Medline) is carried out until March 31, 2021, looking for the available evidence on the treatment of venous thromboembolic disease (VTE) with direct oral anticoagulants (DOA) in cancer patients. It includes 15 randomized and controlled trials, 26 systematic reviews and meta-analyzes, and 6 clinical practice guidelines. In cancer patients, DOAs as treatment (initial and long-term) of VTE are an effective and safe option compared to low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWH). The risk of recurrent VTE is lower with DOA, without significantly increasing the risk of major bleeding. Compared with LMWH, the risk of non-major but clinically relevant bleeding is higher. The increased risk of bleeding in patients treated with DOA appears to be related to excess upper gastrointestinal bleeding. In addition to gastrointestinal cancer, other high-risk characteristics associated with bleeding complications are urothelial cancer, drug interactions, and the use of anticancer drugs associated with gastrointestinal toxicity. Therefore, DOAs should be used with caution in cancer patients and high risk of bleeding. Individual preferences are another relevant aspect when indicating DOA.

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          Most cited references63

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          Antithrombotic Therapy for VTE Disease: CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report.

          We update recommendations on 12 topics that were in the 9th edition of these guidelines, and address 3 new topics.
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            Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis and Treatment in Patients With Cancer: ASCO Clinical Practice Guideline Update

            PURPOSE To provide updated recommendations about prophylaxis and treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients with cancer. METHODS PubMed and the Cochrane Library were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and meta-analyses of RCTs published from August 1, 2014, through December 4, 2018. ASCO convened an Expert Panel to review the evidence and revise previous recommendations as needed. RESULTS The systematic review included 35 publications on VTE prophylaxis and treatment and 18 publications on VTE risk assessment. Two RCTs of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) for the treatment of VTE in patients with cancer reported that edoxaban and rivaroxaban are effective but are linked with a higher risk of bleeding compared with low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) in patients with GI and potentially genitourinary cancers. Two additional RCTs reported on DOACs for thromboprophylaxis in ambulatory patients with cancer at increased risk of VTE. RECOMMENDATIONS Changes to previous recommendations: Clinicians may offer thromboprophylaxis with apixaban, rivaroxaban, or LMWH to selected high-risk outpatients with cancer; rivaroxaban and edoxaban have been added as options for VTE treatment; patients with brain metastases are now addressed in the VTE treatment section; and the recommendation regarding long-term postoperative LMWH has been expanded. Re-affirmed recommendations: Most hospitalized patients with cancer and an acute medical condition require thromboprophylaxis throughout hospitalization. Thromboprophylaxis is not routinely recommended for all outpatients with cancer. Patients undergoing major cancer surgery should receive prophylaxis starting before surgery and continuing for at least 7 to 10 days. Patients with cancer should be periodically assessed for VTE risk, and oncology professionals should provide patient education about the signs and symptoms of VTE. Additional information is available at www.asco.org/supportive-care-guidelines .
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              Epidemiology of venous thromboembolism.

              John Heit (2015)
              Thrombosis can affect any venous circulation. Venous thromboembolism (VTE) includes deep-vein thrombosis of the leg or pelvis, and its complication, pulmonary embolism. VTE is a fairly common disease, particularly in older age, and is associated with reduced survival, substantial health-care costs, and a high rate of recurrence. VTE is a complex (multifactorial) disease, involving interactions between acquired or inherited predispositions to thrombosis and various risk factors. Major risk factors for incident VTE include hospitalization for surgery or acute illness, active cancer, neurological disease with leg paresis, nursing-home confinement, trauma or fracture, superficial vein thrombosis, and-in women-pregnancy and puerperium, oral contraception, and hormone therapy. Although independent risk factors for incident VTE and predictors of VTE recurrence have been identified, and effective primary and secondary prophylaxis is available, the occurrence of VTE seems to be fairly constant, or even increasing.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                angiologia
                Angiología
                Angiología
                Arán Ediciones S.L. (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0003-3170
                1695-2987
                April 2022
                : 74
                : 2
                : 51-65
                Affiliations
                [1] Salamanca orgnameInstituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL). Universidad de Salamanca (USAL) orgdiv1Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca (CAUSA) orgdiv2Servicio de Angiología, Cirugía Vascular y Endovascular España
                Article
                S0003-31702022000200051 S0003-3170(22)07400200051
                10.20960/angiologia.00313
                12341de5-815c-4e70-bbd9-403ba2645e6d

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 08 April 2021
                : 15 November 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 63, Pages: 15
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Revisión

                Anticoagulantes orales directos,Enfermedad tromboembólica venosa,Cáncer,Direct oral anticoagulants,Venous thromboembolic disease,Cancer

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