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      Assistência ao doente terminal: vantagens na aplicabilidade das diretivas antecipadas de vontade no contexto hospitalar Translated title: Terminal patient care: advantages on the applicability of anticipated will directives in the hospital context Translated title: Asistencia al paciente terminal: ventajas en la aplicabilidad de las directrices antecidas de voluntad en el contexto hospital

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          Abstract

          Resumo OBJETIVO Conhecer as vantagens relacionadas à aplicabilidade das diretivas antecipadas de vontade no contexto hospitalar na perspectiva de enfermeiros, médicos e familiares. MÉTODO Estudo qualitativo, descritivo e exploratório com entrevistas semiestruturadas, de outubro a novembro de 2014, com enfermeiros, médicos e familiares de doentes em fase final. Depois, procedeu-se a análise textual discursiva. RESULTADOS Emergiram quatro categorias: respeito à autonomia do paciente; respaldo no enfrentamento de conflitos com e dos familiares; redução de conflitos na equipe em decisões sobre tratamentos e condutas; divulgação e instrumentalização para aplicação das Diretivas Antecipadas de Vontade. CONCLUSÃO O respeito à autonomia pessoal permeia as vantagens ao se relacionar as condutas de tratamentos em final de vida com as Diretivas Antecipadas de Vontade. Assim, discordâncias que envolvem os processos no final da vida estariam amparadas pelo desejo do paciente, além de implicar na redução do medo dos profissionais em sofrer processos legais e no respaldo aos familiares.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract OBJECTIVE To know the advantages related to the applicability of the advance directives of will in the hospital context from the perspective of nurses, doctors and family members. METHOD Qualitative, descriptive and exploratory study with semi structured interviews carried out from October to November 2014, with nurses, doctors and family members of patients in the final stage. Afterwards, a discursive textual analysis was carried out. RESULTS Four categories emerged: respect for patient’s autonomy; support in confrontation of conflicts with and from family members; reduction of conflicts in the team about treatments and conducts; disclosure and instrumentation for application of the Advance Directives of Will. CONCLUSION The respect for personal autonomy permeates the advantages when relating the conduct of treatments at the end of life with the Advance Directives of Will. Thus, disagreements involving the processes at the end of life would be supported by the patient’s desire, besides implying in the reduction of the fear of professionals in facing lawsuits and in the support of the family.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen OBJETIVO Conocer las ventajas relacionadas con la aplicabilidad de las directivas anticipadas de voluntad en el contexto hospitalario de acuerdo a la perspectiva de enfermeros, médicos y familiares. MÉTODO Estudio cualitativo, descriptivo y exploratorio. Fueron realizadas entrevistas semiestructuradas de octubre a noviembre de 2014 con enfermeros, médicos y familiares de enfermos en fase final. Finalmente, se procedió a hacer el análisis textual discursivo. RESULTADOS Se manifestaron cuatro categorías: respeto a la autonomía del paciente; respaldo en el enfrentamiento de conflictos con y de los familiares; reducción de conflictos en el equipo en decisiones sobre tratamientos y conductas; divulgación e instrumentalización para la aplicación de las Directivas Anticipadas de Voluntad. CONCLUSIÓN El respeto a la autonomía personal permite ver las ventajas al relacionarse las conductas de tratamientos en el fin de la vida con la efectividad de las Directivas Anticipadas de Voluntad. Por tanto, discordancias que envuelven los procesos en el fin de la vida estarían amparadas por el deseo del paciente, además, incide en la reducción de lo miedo de los profesionales de envolverse en procesos legales y respaldo a los familiares.

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          I don't want to be the one saying 'we should just let him die': intrapersonal tensions experienced by surrogate decision makers in the ICU.

          Although numerous studies have addressed external factors associated with difficulty in surrogate decision making, intrapersonal sources of tension are an important element of decision making that have received little attention. To characterize key intrapersonal tensions experienced by surrogate decision makers in the intensive care unit (ICU), and explore associated coping strategies. Qualitative interview study. Thirty surrogates from five ICUs at two hospitals in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, who were actively involved in making life-sustaining treatment decisions for a critically ill loved one. We conducted in-depth, semi-structured interviews with surrogates, focused on intrapersonal tensions, role challenges, and coping strategies. We analyzed transcripts using constant comparative methods. Surrogates experience significant emotional conflict between the desire to act in accordance with their loved one's values and 1) not wanting to feel responsible for a loved one's death, 2) a desire to pursue any chance of recovery, and 3) the need to preserve family well-being. Associated coping strategies included 1) recalling previous discussions with a loved one, 2) sharing decisions with family members, 3) delaying or deferring decision making, 4) spiritual/religious practices, and 5) story-telling. Surrogates' struggle to reconcile personal and family emotional needs with their loved ones' wishes, and utilize common coping strategies to combat intrapersonal tensions. These data suggest reasons surrogates may struggle to follow a strict substituted judgment standard. They also suggest ways clinicians may improve decision making, including attending to surrogates' emotions, facilitating family decision making, and eliciting potential emotional conflicts and spiritual needs.
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            Diretivas antecipadas de vontade: um modelo brasileiro

            O presente artigo é fruto de tese cujo objetivo geral foi propor um modelo de diretivas antecipadas de vontade para o Brasil. Para tanto, realizou-se uma revisão de literatura sobre as diretivas antecipadas nas Américas e na Europa, especialmente nos Estados Unidos da América e na Espanha, e entrevistas semiestruturadas com médicos oncologistas, intensivistas e geriatras de Belo Horizonte-MG. Percebeu-se que o modelo brasileiro deve se distanciar dos padrões de formulários utilizados em muitos estados norte-americanos e províncias espanholas, visando deixar espaço para a subjetividade de cada paciente. Conclui-se, assim, que o modelo proposto tem o condão de auxiliar o cidadão que deseja fazer sua diretiva antecipada, bem como os médicos que desejam apresentar essa possibilidade para seus pacientes, mas deve ser sempre utilizado como guia e não como um modelo fechado às peculiaridades de cada situação concreta.
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              End-of-Life Decisions: A Cross-National Study of Treatment Preference Discussions and Surrogate Decision-Maker Appointments

              Background Making treatment decisions in anticipation of possible future incapacity is an important part of patient participation in end-of-life decision-making. This study estimates and compares the prevalence of GP-patient end-of-life treatment discussions and patients’ appointment of surrogate decision-makers in Italy, Spain, Belgium and the Netherlands and examines associated factors. Methods A cross-sectional, retrospective survey was conducted with representative GP networks in four countries. GPs recorded the health and care characteristics in the last three months of life of 4,396 patients who died non-suddenly. Prevalences were estimated and logistic regressions were used to examine between country differences and country-specific associated patient and care factors. Results GP-patient discussion of treatment preferences occurred for 10%, 7%, 25% and 47% of Italian, Spanish, Belgian and of Dutch patients respectively. Furthermore, 6%, 5%, 16% and 29% of Italian, Spanish, Belgian and Dutch patients had a surrogate decision-maker. Despite some country-specific differences, previous GP-patient discussion of primary diagnosis, more frequent GP contact, GP provision of palliative care, the importance of palliative care as a treatment aim and place of death were positively associated with preference discussions or surrogate appointments. A diagnosis of dementia was negatively associated with preference discussions and surrogate appointments. Conclusions The study revealed a higher prevalence of treatment preference discussions and surrogate appointments in the two northern compared to the two southern European countries. Factors associated with preference discussions and surrogate appointments suggest that delaying diagnosis discussions impedes anticipatory planning, whereas early preference discussions, particularly for dementia patients, and the provision of palliative care encourage participation.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rgenf
                Revista Gaúcha de Enfermagem
                Rev. Gaúcha Enferm.
                Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Escola de Enfermagem (Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil )
                0102-6933
                1983-1447
                2017
                : 38
                : 4
                : e65617
                Affiliations
                [3] Santa Maria Rio Grande do Sul orgnameUniversidade Federal de Santa Maria Brazil
                [2] Rio Grande Rio Grande do Sul orgnameUniversidade Federal de Rio Grande
                [1] Santa Maria Rio Grande do Sul orgnameUniversidade Federal de Santa Maria Brazil
                Article
                S1983-14472017000400418 S1983-1447(17)03800400418
                10.1590/1983-1447.2017.04.65617
                123ca9fc-f1bb-4b38-a1e9-e10c7428d3be

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 20 June 2016
                : 04 July 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 20, Pages: 0

                Diretivas antecipadas,Doente terminal,Ética em enfermagem,Autonomia pessoal,Ethics nursing.,Directivas anticipadas,Enfermo terminal,Ética en enfermería,Autonomía personal.,Advance directives.,Terminally ill.,Personal autonomy.

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