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      Iron deficiency is a key determinant of health-related quality of life in patients with chronic heart failure regardless of anaemia status

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          Abstract

          Aims

          To evaluate the effect of iron deficiency (ID) and/or anaemia on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF).

          Methods and results

          We undertook a post-hoc analysis of a cohort of CHF patients in a single-centre study evaluating cognitive function. At recruitment, patients provided baseline information and completed the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure questionnaire (MLHFQ) for HRQoL (higher scores reflect worse HRQoL). At the same time, blood samples were taken for serological evaluation. ID was defined as serum ferritin levels <100 ng/mL or serum ferritin <800 ng/mL with transferrin saturation <20%. Anaemia was defined as haemoglobin ≤12 g/dL. A total of 552 CHF patients were eligible for inclusion, with an average age of 72 years and 40% in NYHA class III or IV. The MLHFQ overall summary scores were 41.0 ± 24.7 among those with ID, vs. 34.4 ± 26.4 for non-ID patients ( P = 0.003), indicating worse HRQoL. When adjusted for other factors associated with HRQoL, ID was significantly associated with worse MLHFQ overall summary ( P = 0.008) and physical dimension scores ( P = 0.002), whereas anaemia was not (both P > 0.05). Increased levels of soluble transferrin receptor were also associated with impaired HRQoL ( P ≤ 0.001). Adjusting for haemoglobin and C-reactive protein, ID was more pronounced in patients with anaemia compared with those without ( P < 0.001).

          Conclusion

          In patients with CHF, ID but not anaemia was associated with reduced HRQoL, mostly due to physical factors.

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          Most cited references19

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          Health related quality of life in patients with congestive heart failure: comparison with other chronic diseases and relation to functional variables.

          To assess health related quality of life of patients with congestive heart failure; to compare their quality of life with the previously characterised general population and in those with other chronic diseases; and to correlate the different aspects of quality of life with relevant somatic variables. University hospital. A German version of the generic quality of life measure (SF-36) containing eight dimensions was administered to 205 patients with congestive heart failure and systolic dysfunction. Cardiopulmonary evaluation included assessment of New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class, left ventricular ejection fraction, peak oxygen uptake, and the distance covered during a standardised six minute walk test. Quality of life significantly decreased with NYHA functional class (linear trend: p < 0.0001). In NYHA class III, the scores of five of the eight quality of life domains were reduced to around one third of those in the general population. The pattern of reduction was different in patients with chronic hepatitis C and major depression, and similar in patients on chronic haemodialysis. Multiple regression analysis showed that only the NYHA functional class was consistently and closely associated with all quality of life scales. The six minute walk test and peak oxygen uptake added to the explanation of the variance in only one of the eight quality of life domains (physical functioning). Left ventricular ejection fraction, duration of disease, and age showed no clear association with quality of life. In congestive heart failure, quality of life decreases as NYHA functional class worsens. Though NYHA functional class was the most dominant predictor among the somatic variables studied, the major determinants of reduced quality of life remain unknown.
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            KDOQI Clinical Practice Guideline and Clinical Practice Recommendations for anemia in chronic kidney disease: 2007 update of hemoglobin target.

            (2007)
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              Palliative care in heart failure: a position statement from the palliative care workshop of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology.

              Heart failure is a serious condition and equivalent to malignant disease in terms of symptom burden and mortality. At this moment only a comparatively small number of heart failure patients receive specialist palliative care. Heart failure patients may have generic palliative care needs, such as refractory multifaceted symptoms, communication and decision making issues and the requirement for family support. The Advanced Heart Failure Study Group of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology organized a workshop to address the issue of palliative care in heart failure to increase awareness of the need for palliative care. Additional objectives included improving the accessibility and quality of palliative care for heart failure patients and promoting the development of heart failure-orientated palliative care services across Europe. This document represents a synthesis of the presentations and discussion during the workshop and describes recommendations in the area of delivery of quality care to patients and families, education, treatment coordination, research and policy.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Eur J Heart Fail
                Eur. J. Heart Fail
                eurjhf
                eurjhf
                European Journal of Heart Failure
                Oxford University Press
                1388-9842
                1879-0844
                October 2013
                22 May 2013
                22 May 2013
                : 15
                : 10
                : 1164-1172
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Heart Failure Programme, Department of Cardiology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
                [2 ]Heart Diseases Biomedical Research Group, Program of Research in Inflammatory and Cardiovascular Disorders, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
                [3 ]Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Barcelona, Spain
                [4 ]Department of Cardiology, Fundación Santa Fe, Bogotá, Colombia
                [5 ]Jordi Gol Primary Care Research Institute, Catalan Institute of Heath, Barcelona, Spain
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author. Heart Failure Programme, Department of Cardiology, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Passeig Maritim, 25–29, 08003 Barcelona, Spain. Tel: +34 932483118, Fax: +34 932483398, Email: josepcomin@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                hft083
                10.1093/eurjhf/hft083
                3782146
                23703106
                1266a5b8-9323-4e36-a666-8fb3d153716b
                © The Author 2013. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com

                History
                : 3 February 2013
                : 9 April 2013
                : 26 April 2013
                Categories
                Co-Morbidity
                Editor's choice

                Cardiovascular Medicine
                iron deficiency,anaemia,health-related quality of life
                Cardiovascular Medicine
                iron deficiency, anaemia, health-related quality of life

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