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      The origins of symbolic racism.

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      Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
      American Psychological Association (APA)

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          Abstract

          The theory of symbolic racism places its origins in a blend of anti-Black affect and conservative values, particularly individualism. We clarify that hypothesis, test it directly, and report several findings consistent with it. Study 1 shows that racial prejudice and general political conservatism fall into 2 separate factors, with symbolic racism loading about equally on both. Study 2 found that the anti-Black affect and individualism significantly explain symbolic racism. The best-fitting model both fuses those 2 elements into a single construct (Black individualism) and includes them separately. The effects of Black individualism on racial policy preferences are mostly mediated by symbolic racism. Study 3 shows that Black individualism is distinctively racial, with effects distinctly different from either an analogous gender individualism or race-neutral individualism.

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          Variability in automatic activation as an unobtrusive measure of racial attitudes: A bona fide pipeline?

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            Subtle and blatant prejudice in western Europe

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              The New Racism

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
                Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
                American Psychological Association (APA)
                1939-1315
                0022-3514
                2003
                2003
                : 85
                : 2
                : 259-275
                Article
                10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.259
                12916569
                1268b9f7-80a8-455a-8e99-ae6db22f3a5f
                © 2003
                History

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