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      Helicobacter pylori Infection in Tripoli, North Lebanon: Assessment and Risk Factors

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          Helicobacter pylori ( H. pylori) has been classified as a Class I carcinogen by the International Agency of Research on Cancer (IARC) and has been identified as the most common etiologic agent of infection-associated cancers. Early detection and eradication of H. pylori can definitely lead to long-term healing of all H. pylori-related diseases. In Lebanon, the prevalence of H. pylori is not well documented, especially in healthy subjects. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 300 healthy Lebanese volunteers, including both children and adults. Interestingly, a significant correlation was found between H. pylori infection and sheesha smoking. These findings highlight the need for the development of preventive approaches and strategic indications for the appropriate management of H. pylori infections in Tripoli, North Lebanon.

          Abstract

          Helicobacter pylori ( H. pylori) infection occurs among half of the general population worldwide, with high geographic variability. Even though H. pylori is the leading cause of several gastric diseases, ranging from gastritis and peptic ulcers to gastric malignancies, such as gastric cancer and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma, most of the infections remain asymptomatic. Early detection and eradication of H. pylori can definitely prevent severe long-term gastric diseases associated with H. pylori. In Lebanon, the prevalence of H. pylori is not well documented, especially in healthy subjects. The aim of this study is to assess H. pylori infections and the associated risk factors in Tripoli, North Lebanon. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 300 healthy Lebanese volunteers, including both children and adults. The H. pylori stool antigens were detected using the Premier Platinum HpSA test. The socio-demographic data, lifestyle characteristics, and gastrointestinal characteristics of all participants were analyzed. Out of the 300 tested volunteer subjects, 31% were found to be positive for H. pylori. A multivariate binary logistic regression analysis for factors associated with H. pylori infection revealed a significant association between H. pylori infection and gastrointestinal disturbances, the crowding index, and occupation. A significant statistical correlation was found between sheesha smoking ( p = 0.001) and H. pylori infection. These findings highlight the need for the development of preventive approaches and strategic indications for the appropriate treatment of H. pylori infections in Tripoli, North Lebanon.

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          Global Cancer Statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries

          This article provides a status report on the global burden of cancer worldwide using the GLOBOCAN 2018 estimates of cancer incidence and mortality produced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, with a focus on geographic variability across 20 world regions. There will be an estimated 18.1 million new cancer cases (17.0 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) and 9.6 million cancer deaths (9.5 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) in 2018. In both sexes combined, lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer (11.6% of the total cases) and the leading cause of cancer death (18.4% of the total cancer deaths), closely followed by female breast cancer (11.6%), prostate cancer (7.1%), and colorectal cancer (6.1%) for incidence and colorectal cancer (9.2%), stomach cancer (8.2%), and liver cancer (8.2%) for mortality. Lung cancer is the most frequent cancer and the leading cause of cancer death among males, followed by prostate and colorectal cancer (for incidence) and liver and stomach cancer (for mortality). Among females, breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death, followed by colorectal and lung cancer (for incidence), and vice versa (for mortality); cervical cancer ranks fourth for both incidence and mortality. The most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death, however, substantially vary across countries and within each country depending on the degree of economic development and associated social and life style factors. It is noteworthy that high-quality cancer registry data, the basis for planning and implementing evidence-based cancer control programs, are not available in most low- and middle-income countries. The Global Initiative for Cancer Registry Development is an international partnership that supports better estimation, as well as the collection and use of local data, to prioritize and evaluate national cancer control efforts. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 2018;0:1-31. © 2018 American Cancer Society.
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              Gastric cancer: epidemiology, prevention, classification, and treatment

              Gastric cancer is the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths in the world, the epidemiology of which has changed within last decades. A trend of steady decline in gastric cancer incidence rates is the effect of the increased standards of hygiene, conscious nutrition, and Helicobacter pylori eradication, which together constitute primary prevention. Avoidance of gastric cancer remains a priority. However, patients with higher risk should be screened for early detection and chemoprevention. Surgical resection enhanced by standardized lymphadenectomy remains the gold standard in gastric cancer therapy. This review briefly summarizes the most important aspects of gastric cancers, which include epidemiology, risk factors, classification, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. The paper is mostly addressed to physicians who are interested in updating the state of art concerning gastric carcinoma from easily accessible and credible source.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Biology (Basel)
                Biology (Basel)
                biology
                Biology
                MDPI
                2079-7737
                28 June 2021
                July 2021
                : 10
                : 7
                : 599
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
                [2 ]Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; rharati@ 123456sharjah.ac.ae
                [3 ]Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Beirut Arab University, Beirut 11-5020, Lebanon; saramina0@ 123456gmail.com
                [4 ]Department of Family Medicine and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; iabdelmahmoud@ 123456sharjah.ac.ae
                [5 ]Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; jmuhammad@ 123456sharjah.ac.ae
                [6 ]Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
                [7 ]Laboratoire de bactériologie, Hygiène, EA 4331 LITEC, CHU de Poitiers, Université de Poitiers, 86000 Poitiers, France; Christophe.BURUCOA@ 123456chu-poitiers.fr
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: gkhoder@ 123456sharjah.ac.ae
                [†]

                These authors contributed equally to this work.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6036-1022
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5037-0208
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9565-1062
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6672-2944
                Article
                biology-10-00599
                10.3390/biology10070599
                8301113
                34203570
                127ecc03-c00b-444a-bdb5-d563babe9b93
                © 2021 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 28 May 2021
                : 25 June 2021
                Categories
                Article

                helicobacter pylori,stool,premier platinum hpsa test,sheesha,lebanon

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