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      Medición de nitratos y nitritos en agua y saliva de población rural precordillerana de la VIII región Translated title: Nitrate and nitrite in water and saliva of rural population in the Andes foothills of the VIII Region

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          Abstract

          Introducción: Un factor de riesgo para las neoplasias escamosas de faringe son las nitrosaminas, las que derivan de los nitratos salivales que provienen de la dieta y en especial del agua si los niveles están por sobre la norma. Objetivos: Conocer y comparar los niveles de nitratos y nitritos en agua y saliva de habitantes de la región precordillerana y en población urbana de Concepción. Material y método: Estudio prospectivo, tipo caso y control. Determinan niveles de nitratos y nitritos en agua de la zona precordillerana y en agua de Concepción y en saliva de habitantes de la zona rural y de grupo control de Concepción. Resultados: Se obtienen 10 muestras de agua del sector rural y 1 muestra de agua potable de Concepción. Nivel de nitratos en agua rural 23,29 mg/L, en agua urbana 3,6 mg/L (p <0,05). En saliva, grupo estudio (n =15) con nivel de nitritos de 9,58 mg/ml, grupo control (n =24) nivel de 3,8 mg/ml (p <0,05). Conclusión: En la zona rural hay niveles significativamente mayores de nitratos en el agua y nitritos en saliva. Los niveles en agua son superiores a normas nacionales e internacionales. Nuestros resultados resaltan la posible importancia de las nitrosaminas y sus precursores como elementos carcinogónicos en los carcinomas escamosos orofaríngeos.

          Translated abstract

          Introduction: A risk factor for squamous carcinomas of the oropharynx are the nitrosamines, which are derived from salivary nitrate coming from diet and water, especially if the levels are above the allowed levels. Aim: To determine and compare the levels of nitrates and nitrites in drinking water and saliva of people at the foothills of our region and urban population of Concepcion. Material and method: A descriptive cross sectional study. Determination of levels of nitrates and nitrites in drinking water in the Andean foothills and Concepcion and in saliva of people from same locations. Results: We obtained 10 rural water samples and 1 from Concepcion drinking water. Nitrate levels in rural water were 23.29 mg/L and 3.6 mg/L (p <0.05) in urban water. In saliva, the study group (n =15) had 9.58 mg/ml nitrite in saliva, the control group (n =24) 3.8 mg/ml (p <0.05). Conclusion: In rural areas there are significantly higher levels of nitrates in drinking water and saliva. The water levels are higher than national and international standards. Our results confirm high amounts of nitrogen cycle products (nitrites and nitrates) in drinking water and in saliva so it could be considered as carcinogenic elements in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas.

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          Ecological and toxicological effects of inorganic nitrogen pollution in aquatic ecosystems: A global assessment.

          We provide a global assessment, with detailed multi-scale data, of the ecological and toxicological effects generated by inorganic nitrogen pollution in aquatic ecosystems. Our synthesis of the published scientific literature shows three major environmental problems: (1) it can increase the concentration of hydrogen ions in freshwater ecosystems without much acid-neutralizing capacity, resulting in acidification of those systems; (2) it can stimulate or enhance the development, maintenance and proliferation of primary producers, resulting in eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems; (3) it can reach toxic levels that impair the ability of aquatic animals to survive, grow and reproduce. Inorganic nitrogen pollution of ground and surface waters can also induce adverse effects on human health and economy. Because reductions in SO2 emissions have reduced the atmospheric deposition of H2SO4 across large portions of North America and Europe, while emissions of NOx have gone unchecked, HNO3 is now playing an increasing role in the acidification of freshwater ecosystems. This acidification process has caused several adverse effects on primary and secondary producers, with significant biotic impoverishments, particularly concerning invertebrates and fishes, in many atmospherically acidified lakes and streams. The cultural eutrophication of freshwater, estuarine, and coastal marine ecosystems can cause ecological and toxicological effects that are either directly or indirectly related to the proliferation of primary producers. Extensive kills of both invertebrates and fishes are probably the most dramatic manifestation of hypoxia (or anoxia) in eutrophic and hypereutrophic aquatic ecosystems with low water turnover rates. The decline in dissolved oxygen concentrations can also promote the formation of reduced compounds, such as hydrogen sulphide, resulting in higher adverse (toxic) effects on aquatic animals. Additionally, the occurrence of toxic algae can significantly contribute to the extensive kills of aquatic animals. Cyanobacteria, dinoflagellates and diatoms appear to be major responsible that may be stimulated by inorganic nitrogen pollution. Among the different inorganic nitrogenous compounds (NH4+, NH3, NO2-, HNO2NO3-) that aquatic animals can take up directly from the ambient water, unionized ammonia is the most toxic, while ammonium and nitrate ions are the least toxic. In general, seawater animals seem to be more tolerant to the toxicity of inorganic nitrogenous compounds than freshwater animals, probably because of the ameliorating effect of water salinity (sodium, chloride, calcium and other ions) on the tolerance of aquatic animals. Ingested nitrites and nitrates from polluted drinking waters can induce methemoglobinemia in humans, particularly in young infants, by blocking the oxygen-carrying capacity of hemoglobin. Ingested nitrites and nitrates also have a potential role in developing cancers of the digestive tract through their contribution to the formation of nitrosamines. In addition, some scientific evidences suggest that ingested nitrites and nitrates might result in mutagenicity, teratogenicity and birth defects, contribute to the risks of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and bladder and ovarian cancers, play a role in the etiology of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and in the development of thyroid hypertrophy, or cause spontaneous abortions and respiratory tract infections. Indirect health hazards can occur as a consequence of algal toxins, causing nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, pneumonia, gastroenteritis, hepatoenteritis, muscular cramps, and several poisoning syndromes (paralytic shellfish poisoning, neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, amnesic shellfish poisoning). Other indirect health hazards can also come from the potential relationship between inorganic nitrogen pollution and human infectious diseases (malaria, cholera). Human sickness and death, extensive kills of aquatic animals, and other negative effects, can have elevated costs on human economy, with the recreation and tourism industry suffering the most important economic impacts, at least locally. It is concluded that levels of total nitrogen lower than 0.5-1.0 mg TN/L could prevent aquatic ecosystems (excluding those ecosystems with naturally high N levels) from developing acidification and eutrophication, at least by inorganic nitrogen pollution. Those relatively low TN levels could also protect aquatic animals against the toxicity of inorganic nitrogenous compounds since, in the absence of eutrophication, surface waters usually present relatively high concentrations of dissolved oxygen, most inorganic reactive nitrogen being in the form of nitrate. Additionally, human health and economy would be safer from the adverse effects of inorganic nitrogen pollution.
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            Impact of comorbidity, symptoms, and patients' characteristics on the prognosis of oral carcinomas.

            To evaluate the impact of comorbidities, symptoms, and patients' characteristics on the 5-year overall survival of patients who underwent surgery for cancer of the oral tongue or floor of the mouth and to improve the survival estimates by the creation of a new staging system. A cohort of 110 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue or floor of the mouth, who were admitted to a tertiary cancer hospital from January 1, 1990, to December 31, 1994, and who underwent surgery was studied. Multivariate analysis distinguished that patients' characteristics, symptoms, and comorbidities have a significant impact on 5-year overall survival. This functional severity index combined with the TNM stage created the extended clinical severity staging system. The 5-year overall survival was 33.4%. Survival by TNM cancer stage was 64.6% (stage I), 67.5% (stage II), 28.9% (stage III), and 13.1% (stage IV) (chi(2) = 22.88, P<.001). When patients were categorized according to the extended clinical severity staging system, survival was as follows: 74.0% (stage 1), 47.1% (stage 2), 28.6% (stage 3), and 8.4% (stage 4) (chi(2) = 38.67, P<.001). Clinical variables have a prognostic impact on oral cancer that is surgically treated, and the consistency of results confirms that survival estimates can be improved by the addition of these elements to the TNM classification, creating a more powerful and precise system in the determination of a prognosis.
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              8-Nitroguanine formation in oral leukoplakia, a premalignant lesion.

              Oral leukoplakia is a premalignant lesion associated with development of oral cancer. To clarify the mechanism of development of oral carcinogenesis from leukoplakia, we examined DNA damage in oral epithelium of biopsy specimens of patients with leukoplakia by immunohistochemical methods. Histological changes, such as epithelial dysplasia and infiltration of inflammatory cells were observed in oral tissues of leukoplakia patients. A double immunofluorescence labeling study demonstrated that the accumulation of mutagenic 8-nitroguanine, an indicator of nitrative DNA damage, and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine, an indicator of oxidative DNA damage, was apparently observed in the oral epithelium of patients with leukoplakia, whereas little or no immunoreactivity was observed in normal oral mucosa. Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was also observed in oral epithelium of leukoplakia patients. Immunoreactivity of 3-nitrotyrosine, an indicator of nitrative stress, was observed in oral epithelial cells and colocalized with 8-nitroguanine. Moreover, proliferating cell nuclear antigen and p53 were expressed in 8-nitroguanine-positive epithelial cells in the basal layer. These results suggest that iNOS-mediated nitrative stress contributes to development of oral carcinogenesis from leukoplakia through DNA damage as well as oxidative stress.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                orl
                Revista de otorrinolaringología y cirugía de cabeza y cuello
                Rev. Otorrinolaringol. Cir. Cabeza Cuello
                Sociedad Chilena de Otorrinolaringología, Medicina y Cirugía de Cabeza y Cuello (Santiago, , Chile )
                0718-4816
                August 2012
                : 72
                : 2
                : 119-124
                Affiliations
                [02] orgnameHospital Guillermo Grant Benavente Chile
                [01] orgnameUniversidad de Concepción Chile
                [03] orgnameHospital de Coronel Chile
                Article
                S0718-48162012000200003 S0718-4816(12)07200203
                10.4067/S0718-48162012000200003
                129f4989-3bcf-40d1-9208-35e574e3a41c

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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                SciELO Chile

                Categories
                ARTÍCULOS DE INVESTIGACIÓN

                water,Nitrites,nitrates,Nitritos,nitratos,saliva,agua potable
                water, Nitrites, nitrates, Nitritos, nitratos, saliva, agua potable

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