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      Toxicidad aguda del herbicida N-(fosfonometil) glicina sobre representantes planctónicos Artemia franciscana y Microcystis aeruginosa Translated title: Acute toxicity of N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine herbicide on planktonic microorganisms Artemia franciscana and Microcystis aeruginosa

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          Abstract

          Resumen En los ecosistemas acuáticos se producen alteraciones cuando de forma continua están expuestos al N-(fosfonometil) glicina (glifosato), especies susceptibles a un determinado grado de concentración y tiempo de exposición a este compuesto químico. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar la concentración letal media (CL50(24)) en Artemia franciscana, así como la concentración inhibitoria media poblacional (CI50) y el coeficiente de forma (CF) en la cianobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa en ecosistemas acuáticos. Los resultados para A. franciscana fueron de una CL50(24) 0.31 mg L-1; y sobre M. aeruginosa de una CI50(72) 53.95 mg L-1. En cuanto al estudio del coeficiente de forma, en las células control de M. aeruginosa resultó en un CF≈1, mientras que expuestas a 72h-NOEC (Concentración sin Efecto Observable) fue de 2.95 mg L-1. La CI50(72) fue de 53.95 mg L-1 indicando que las células se mantienen esféricas, sin embargo, hay cambios significativos en su volumen y superficie celular en la CI50(72) de 7.69 ± 1.69 µm3 con un 33% en reducción de volumen comparada con la célula control, lo que refleja los peligros ecotoxicológicos de este herbicida. La exposición al glifosato resultó de categoría I (altamente tóxica) en A. franciscana y categoría II (tóxica) en M. aeruginosa, de acuerdo con la clasificación de la Agencia de Protección Ambiental de los Estados Unidos (U.S. EPA).

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Continuous exposure to N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine (glyphosate) produces alterations on aquatic ecosystems, depending on the species or organism, concentration and exposure time. The aim of this research was to evaluate the median lethal concentration (LC50(24)) in Artemia franciscana, as well as the median population inhibitory concentration (IC50) and the coefficient of form (CF) in the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa in aquatic ecosystems. The results for A. franciscana were an LC50(24) 0.31 mg L-1, and on M. aeruginosa of an IC50(72) 53.95 mg L-1. About the study of the coefficient of form, in the control cells of M. aeruginosa it resulted in a CF≈1, while exposed to 72h-NOEC (No Observable Effect Concentration) was 2.95 mg L-1. The IC50(72) was 53.95 mg L-1 indicating that the cells remain spherical, however, there are significant changes in their volume and the cell surface exposed to IC50(72) of 7.69 ± 1.69 µm3 with 33% volume reduction compared to the control cell, which reflects the ecotoxicological dangers of this herbicide. Exposure to glyphosate resulted as category I (highly toxic) in A. franciscana and category II (toxic) in M. aeruginosa, according to the classification of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA).

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          Most cited references21

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          Safety evaluation and risk assessment of the herbicide Roundup and its active ingredient, glyphosate, for humans.

          Reviews on the safety of glyphosate and Roundup herbicide that have been conducted by several regulatory agencies and scientific institutions worldwide have concluded that there is no indication of any human health concern. Nevertheless, questions regarding their safety are periodically raised. This review was undertaken to produce a current and comprehensive safety evaluation and risk assessment for humans. It includes assessments of glyphosate, its major breakdown product [aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA)], its Roundup formulations, and the predominant surfactant [polyethoxylated tallow amine (POEA)] used in Roundup formulations worldwide. The studies evaluated in this review included those performed for regulatory purposes as well as published research reports. The oral absorption of glyphosate and AMPA is low, and both materials are eliminated essentially unmetabolized. Dermal penetration studies with Roundup showed very low absorption. Experimental evidence has shown that neither glyphosate nor AMPA bioaccumulates in any animal tissue. No significant toxicity occurred in acute, subchronic, and chronic studies. Direct ocular exposure to the concentrated Roundup formulation can result in transient irritation, while normal spray dilutions cause, at most, only minimal effects. The genotoxicity data for glyphosate and Roundup were assessed using a weight-of-evidence approach and standard evaluation criteria. There was no convincing evidence for direct DNA damage in vitro or in vivo, and it was concluded that Roundup and its components do not pose a risk for the production of heritable/somatic mutations in humans. Multiple lifetime feeding studies have failed to demonstrate any tumorigenic potential for glyphosate. Accordingly, it was concluded that glyphosate is noncarcinogenic. Glyphosate, AMPA, and POEA were not teratogenic or developmentally toxic. There were no effects on fertility or reproductive parameters in two multigeneration reproduction studies with glyphosate. Likewise there were no adverse effects in reproductive tissues from animals treated with glyphosate, AMPA, or POEA in chronic and/or subchronic studies. Results from standard studies with these materials also failed to show any effects indicative of endocrine modulation. Therefore, it is concluded that the use of Roundup herbicide does not result in adverse effects on development, reproduction, or endocrine systems in humans and other mammals. For purposes of risk assessment, no-observed-adverse-effect levels (NOAELs) were identified for all subchronic, chronic, developmental, and reproduction studies with glyphosate, AMPA, and POEA. Margins-of-exposure for chronic risk were calculated for each compound by dividing the lowest applicable NOAEL by worst-case estimates of chronic exposure. Acute risks were assessed by comparison of oral LD50 values to estimated maximum acute human exposure. It was concluded that, under present and expected conditions of use, Roundup herbicide does not pose a health risk to humans.
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            Potential toxic effects of glyphosate and its commercial formulations below regulatory limits.

            Glyphosate-based herbicides (GlyBH), including Roundup, are the most widely used pesticides worldwide. Their uses have increased exponentially since their introduction on the market. Residue levels in food or water, as well as human exposures, are escalating. We have reviewed the toxic effects of GlyBH measured below regulatory limits by evaluating the published literature and regulatory reports. We reveal a coherent body of evidence indicating that GlyBH could be toxic below the regulatory lowest observed adverse effect level for chronic toxic effects. It includes teratogenic, tumorigenic and hepatorenal effects. They could be explained by endocrine disruption and oxidative stress, causing metabolic alterations, depending on dose and exposure time. Some effects were detected in the range of the recommended acceptable daily intake. Toxic effects of commercial formulations can also be explained by GlyBH adjuvants, which have their own toxicity, but also enhance glyphosate toxicity. These challenge the assumption of safety of GlyBH at the levels at which they contaminate food and the environment, albeit these levels may fall below regulatory thresholds. Neurodevelopmental, reproductive, and transgenerational effects of GlyBH must be revisited, since a growing body of knowledge suggests the predominance of endocrine disrupting mechanisms caused by environmentally relevant levels of exposure.
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              Aquatic toxicity of glyphosate-based formulations: comparison between different organisms and the effects of environmental factors.

              Glyphosate-based herbicides (e.g. Roundup) are extensively used in the aquatic environment, but there is a paucity of data on the toxicity of the formulated products and the influences by environmental factors. In this study, the acute toxicity of technical-grade glyphosate acid, isopropylamine (IPA) salt of glyphosate, Roundup and its surfactant polyoxyethylene amine (POEA) to Microtox bacterium (Vibrio fischeri), microalgae (Selenastrum capricornutum and Skeletonema costatum), protozoa (Tetrahymena pyriformis and Euplotes vannus) and crustaceans (Ceriodaphnia dubia and Acartia tonsa) was examined and the relative toxicity contributions of POEA to Roundup were calculated. The effects of four environmental factors (temperature, pH, suspended sediment and algal food concentrations) on the acute toxicity of Roundup to C. dubia were also examined. Generally, the toxicity order of the chemicals was: POEA>Roundup>glyphosate acid>IPA salt of glyphosate, while the toxicity of glyphosate acid was mainly due to its high acidity. Microtox bacterium and protozoa had similar sensitivities towards Roundup toxicity (i.e. IC50 from 23.5 to 29.5 mg AE/l). In contrast, microalgae and crustaceans were 4-5 folds more sensitive to Roundup toxicity than bacteria and protozoa. Except photosynthetic microalgae, POEA accounted for more than 86% of Roundup toxicity and the toxicity contribution of POEA was shown to be species-dependent. Increase in pH (6-9) and increase of suspended sediment concentration (0-200 mg/l) significantly increased the toxicity of Roundup to C. dubia, but there were no significant effects due to temperature change and food addition.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                tip
                TIP. Revista especializada en ciencias químico-biológicas
                TIP
                Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Estudios Superiores, Plantel Zaragoza (México, DF, Mexico )
                1405-888X
                2019
                : 22
                : e192
                Affiliations
                [1] Morelia orgnameUniversidad Michoacana de San Nicolás Hidalgo orgdiv1Facultad de Químico-Farmacobiología Mexico
                Article
                S1405-888X2019000100123 S1405-888X(19)02200000123
                10.22201/fesz.23958723e.2019.0.192
                12ab247f-2f5d-4763-a412-c2253a7aebae

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 19 June 2019
                : 06 November 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 28, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Mexico

                Categories
                Artículos originales

                Artemia franciscana,coeficiente de forma,Microcystis aeruginosa,acute toxicity,glifosato,toxicidad aguda,glyphosate,form coefficient

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