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      Domain-specific physical activity and affective wellbeing among adolescents: an observational study of the moderating roles of autonomous and controlled motivation

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          Abstract

          Background

          Abundant evidence demonstrates a relationship between physical activity and mental wellbeing. However, the strength of the relationship is not consistent. Factors contributing to variation in the strength of association are not well understood and, therefore, it remains difficult to optimize physical activity to ensure the strongest possible relationship with mental health. Self-determination theory suggests that more autonomously motivated behaviors lead to better mental health outcomes, when compared to more controlled behaviors. Therefore, we examined whether autonomous and controlled motivation moderated the relationships between physical activity and affective wellbeing within two domains (i.e., leisure-time and active travel).

          Methods

          Between February and April 2014, adolescents ( N = 1632, M age = 12.94 years, SD = 0.54, 55% male) wore an accelerometer across seven-days and completed self-report measures of leisure-time physical activity and active travel. They also completed two measures of motivation (towards leisure-time physical activity and active travel) and an affective wellbeing measure.

          Results

          Structural equation modeling revealed that greater self-reported leisure-time physical activity was associated with greater positive affect (β = .29) and less negative affect (β = −.19) and that motivation did not moderate these relationships. Self-reported active travel had no linear relationship with affective wellbeing, and motivation did not moderate these relationships. Accelerometer-measured leisure-time physical activity had no relationship with positive affect but, had a weak inverse association with negative affect (β = −.09), and neither relationship was moderated by motivation. Accelerometer-measured active travel had no association with positive affect; however, autonomous motivation significantly moderated this association such that active travel had a positive association with positive affect when autonomous motivation was high (β = .09), but a negative association when autonomous motivation was low (β = −.07). Accelerometer-measured active travel had no association with negative affect. Despite some significant moderation effects, motivation did not consistently moderate the relationship between all physical activity variables (leisure-time and active travel, and self-report and accelerometer) and affective outcomes.

          Conclusions

          Tailoring physical activity interventions and guidelines to prioritize leisure-time ahead of other life domains could benefit wellbeing. Promoting autonomous participation in active travel may also be associated with increased wellbeing among adolescents.

          Electronic supplementary material

          The online version of this article (10.1186/s12966-018-0722-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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          Most cited references35

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          Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and a proposal for a national index.

          Ed Diener (2000)
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            Positive affect and the complex dynamics of human flourishing.

            Extending B. L. Fredrickson's (1998) broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions and M. Losada's (1999) nonlinear dynamics model of team performance, the authors predict that a ratio of positive to negative affect at or above 2.9 will characterize individuals in flourishing mental health. Participants (N=188) completed an initial survey to identify flourishing mental health and then provided daily reports of experienced positive and negative emotions over 28 days. Results showed that the mean ratio of positive to negative affect was above 2.9 for individuals classified as flourishing and below that threshold for those not flourishing. Together with other evidence, these findings suggest that a set of general mathematical principles may describe the relations between positive affect and human flourishing. ((c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved).
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              Physical Activity and Mental Health

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                +612 4736 0508 , Rhiannon.White@westernsydney.edu.au
                Philip.Parker@acu.edu.au
                David.Lubans@newcastle.edu.au
                F.Macmillan@westernsydney.edu.au
                R.Olson@uq.edu.au
                thomasab@uow.edu.au
                Chris.Lonsdale@acu.edu.au
                Journal
                Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act
                Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act
                The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity
                BioMed Central (London )
                1479-5868
                10 September 2018
                10 September 2018
                2018
                : 15
                : 87
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0000 9939 5719, GRID grid.1029.a, School of Science and Health, , Western Sydney University, ; Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751 Australia
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2194 1270, GRID grid.411958.0, Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Australian Catholic University, ; PO Box 968, North Sydney, NSW 2059 Australia
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0000 8831 109X, GRID grid.266842.c, Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, University Drive, ; Callaghan, NSW 2308 Australia
                [4 ]ISNI 0000 0000 9320 7537, GRID grid.1003.2, School of Social Science, , The University of Queensland, ; QLD, St. Lucia, 4072 Australia
                [5 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0486 528X, GRID grid.1007.6, Population Wellbeing and Environment Research Lab (PowerLab), School of Health and Society, , University of Wollongong, ; Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522 Australia
                [6 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 834X, GRID grid.1013.3, Menzies Centre for Health Policy, , University of Sydney, ; Camperdown, NSW 2006 Australia
                [7 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0662 3178, GRID grid.12527.33, School of Public Health, Peking Union Medical College, , Tsinghua University and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, ; Beijing, 100006 China
                Article
                722
                10.1186/s12966-018-0722-0
                6131748
                30200980
                12b9534f-6180-4d44-b16a-d8664f987a7c
                © The Author(s). 2018

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                : 17 October 2017
                : 3 September 2018
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000923, Australian Research Council;
                Award ID: DP130104659
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Research
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2018

                Nutrition & Dietetics
                physical activity,exercise,mental health,adolescents,life domain,motivation,self-determination theory

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