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      Sports and Child Development

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          Abstract

          The role of curricular activities for the formation of education, health and behavioural outcomes has been widely studied. Yet, the role of extra-curricular activities has received little attention. This study analyzes the effect of participation in sports clubs—one of the most popular extra-curricular activities among children. We use alternative datasets and flexible semi-parametric estimation methods with a specific way to use the panel dimension of the data to address selection into sports. We find positive and robust effects on children’s school performance and peer relations. Crowding out of passive leisure activities can partially explain the effects.

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          The lasting impact of childhood health and circumstance.

          We quantify the lasting effects of childhood health and economic circumstances on adult health, employment and socioeconomic status, using data from a birth cohort that has been followed from birth into middle age. Controlling for parental income, education and social class, children who experience poor health have significantly lower educational attainment, poorer health, and lower social status as adults. Childhood health and circumstance appear to operate both through their impact on initial adult health and economic status, and through a continuing direct effect of prenatal and childhood health in middle age. Overall, our findings suggest more attention be paid to health as a potential mechanism through which intergenerational transmission of economic status takes place: cohort members born into poorer families experienced poorer childhood health, lower investments in human capital and poorer health in early adulthood, all of which are associated with lower earnings in middle age-the years in which they themselves become parents.
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            How useful is body mass index for comparison of body fatness across age, sex, and ethnic groups?

            This study tested the hypothesis that body mass index (BMI) is representative of body fatness independent of age, sex, and ethnicity. Between 1986 and 1992, the authors studied a total of 202 black and 504 white men and women who resided in or near New York City, were ages 20-94 years, and had BMIs of 18-35 kg/m2. Total body fat, expressed as a percentage of body weight (BF%), was assessed using a four-compartment body composition model that does not rely on assumptions known to be age, sex, or ethnicity dependent. Statistically significant age dependencies were observed in the BF%-BMI relations in all four sex and ethnic groups (p values < 0.05-0.001) with older persons showing a higher BF% compared with younger persons with comparable BMIs. Statistically significant sex effects were also observed in BF%-BMI relations within each ethnic group (p values < 0.001) after controlling first for age. For an equivalent BMI, women have significantly greater amounts of total body fat than do men throughout the entire adult life span. Ethnicity did not significantly influence the BF%-BMI relation after controlling first for age and sex even though both black women and men had longer appendicular bone lengths relative to stature (p values < 0.001 and 0.02, respectively) compared with white women and men. Body mass index alone accounted for 25% of between-individual differences in body fat percentage for the 706 total subjects; adding age and sex as independent variables to the regression model increased the variance (r2) to 67%. These results suggest that BMI is age and sex dependent when used as an indicator of body fatness, but that it is ethnicity independent in black and white adults.
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              The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ)--further evidence for its reliability and validity in a community sample of Dutch children and adolescents.

              This study was a first attempt to examine the psychometric properties of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) in Dutch youths. A large sample of normal children and adolescents ( N = 562) and their parents completed the SDQ along with a number of other psychopathology measures. Factor analysis of the SDQ yielded five factors that were in keeping with the hypothesised subscales of hyperactivity-inattention, emotional symptoms, peer problems, conduct problems, and prosocial behaviour. Furthermore, internal consistency, test-retest stability, and parent-youth agreement of the various SDQ scales were acceptable. Finally, the concurrent validity of the SDQ was good: that is, its scores correlated in a theoretically meaningful way with other measures of psychopathology. It can be concluded that the psychometric properties of the parent- and self-report version of the SDQ were satisfactory in this Dutch community sample. Moreover, the current data provide further support for the utility of the SDQ as an index of psychopathological symptoms in youths.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                4 May 2016
                2016
                : 11
                : 5
                : e0151729
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Swiss Institute for Empirical Economic Research, University of St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
                [2 ]Center for Economic Studies and ifo Institut, Munich, Germany
                [3 ]Center for Economic Policy Research, London, England
                [4 ]Policy Studies Institute, London, England
                [5 ]Institute for the Study of Labor, Bonn, Germany
                [6 ]Institut for Employment Research, Nuremberg, Germany
                [7 ]Department of Economics, University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
                TNO, NETHERLANDS
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Analyzed the data: CF ML AS. Wrote the paper: CF ML AS.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2491-5032
                Article
                PONE-D-15-12757
                10.1371/journal.pone.0151729
                4856309
                27144474
                12c5b005-d651-421c-b3b2-83e965e03c28
                © 2016 Felfe et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 11 June 2015
                : 3 March 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 9, Pages: 23
                Funding
                Funded by: St. Gallen Research Center in Aging, Welfare, and Labour Market Analysis (SCALA)
                Funding provided by St. Gallen Research Center in Aging, Welfare, and Labour Market Analysis (SCALA). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Research Article
                People and Places
                Population Groupings
                Age Groups
                Children
                People and Places
                Population Groupings
                Families
                Children
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Behavior
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Behavior
                Recreation
                Sports
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Sports Science
                Sports
                Social Sciences
                Sociology
                Education
                Schools
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Pediatrics
                Child Health
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Public and Occupational Health
                Child Health
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Public and Occupational Health
                Behavioral and Social Aspects of Health
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Mental Health and Psychiatry
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Public and Occupational Health
                Physical Activity
                Custom metadata
                Due to ethical restrictions, KiGGS data are available from the Robert-Koch Institute and Kinderpanel data from German Youth Institute for researchers who meet the criteria for access to confidential data. The RKI has a central website where the application form can be downloaded: http://www.rki.de/DE/Content/Gesundheitsmonitoring/PublicUseFiles/antraege_pdf/KiGGS03_06.html. Researches interested in getting access to the Kinderpanel can contact Christian Alt ( http://www.dji.de/index.php?id=273).

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