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      The interrelationship between food security, climate change, and gender-based violence: A scoping review with system dynamics modeling

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          Abstract

          Gender-based violence (GBV) is a global public health and human rights problem that is exacerbated by social and environmental stressors for a multitude of interpersonal, cultural, and economic reasons. Through sudden disruptions in the microclimate of a region, climate shocks often have a negative impact on food security, which correlates with increases in GBV. Associations between the various combinations of GBV, climate change, and food insecurity have been documented in the growing international literature, but questions remain about these associations that require further clarification. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 provides insight through a real time demonstration into these interactions. This review of the global literature examines the interplay between GBV, climate change, and food insecurity—including recent literature regarding the COVID-19 pandemic. This review covers original research studies employing both quantitative and qualitative methodology, those that conducted secondary analyses of existing data sources and perspective pieces derived from observed evidence. An additional analytic layer of system dynamics modeling allowed for the integration of findings from the scoping review and discovery of additional insights into the interplay between disasters, food insecurity, and GBV. Findings from this review suggest that the development and adaptation of evidence-based, focused interventions and policies to reduce the effects of climate shocks and bolster food security may ultimately decrease GBV prevalence and impact.

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          Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework

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            Scoping studies: advancing the methodology

            Background Scoping studies are an increasingly popular approach to reviewing health research evidence. In 2005, Arksey and O'Malley published the first methodological framework for conducting scoping studies. While this framework provides an excellent foundation for scoping study methodology, further clarifying and enhancing this framework will help support the consistency with which authors undertake and report scoping studies and may encourage researchers and clinicians to engage in this process. Discussion We build upon our experiences conducting three scoping studies using the Arksey and O'Malley methodology to propose recommendations that clarify and enhance each stage of the framework. Recommendations include: clarifying and linking the purpose and research question (stage one); balancing feasibility with breadth and comprehensiveness of the scoping process (stage two); using an iterative team approach to selecting studies (stage three) and extracting data (stage four); incorporating a numerical summary and qualitative thematic analysis, reporting results, and considering the implications of study findings to policy, practice, or research (stage five); and incorporating consultation with stakeholders as a required knowledge translation component of scoping study methodology (stage six). Lastly, we propose additional considerations for scoping study methodology in order to support the advancement, application and relevance of scoping studies in health research. Summary Specific recommendations to clarify and enhance this methodology are outlined for each stage of the Arksey and O'Malley framework. Continued debate and development about scoping study methodology will help to maximize the usefulness and rigor of scoping study findings within healthcare research and practice.
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              Systematic review or scoping review? Guidance for authors when choosing between a systematic or scoping review approach

              Background Scoping reviews are a relatively new approach to evidence synthesis and currently there exists little guidance regarding the decision to choose between a systematic review or scoping review approach when synthesising evidence. The purpose of this article is to clearly describe the differences in indications between scoping reviews and systematic reviews and to provide guidance for when a scoping review is (and is not) appropriate. Results Researchers may conduct scoping reviews instead of systematic reviews where the purpose of the review is to identify knowledge gaps, scope a body of literature, clarify concepts or to investigate research conduct. While useful in their own right, scoping reviews may also be helpful precursors to systematic reviews and can be used to confirm the relevance of inclusion criteria and potential questions. Conclusions Scoping reviews are a useful tool in the ever increasing arsenal of evidence synthesis approaches. Although conducted for different purposes compared to systematic reviews, scoping reviews still require rigorous and transparent methods in their conduct to ensure that the results are trustworthy. Our hope is that with clear guidance available regarding whether to conduct a scoping review or a systematic review, there will be less scoping reviews being performed for inappropriate indications better served by a systematic review, and vice-versa.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: InvestigationRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: Data curation
                Role: Data curation
                Role: Data curationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: SoftwareRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLOS Glob Public Health
                PLOS Glob Public Health
                plos
                PLOS Global Public Health
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                2767-3375
                24 February 2023
                2023
                : 3
                : 2
                : e0000300
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
                [2 ] Buehler Center for Health Policy and Economics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
                [3 ] Cushing/Whitney Medical Library, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
                [4 ] Dana Medical Library, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
                [5 ] Piya Oberoi, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut, United States of America
                New York University Grossman School of Medicine, UNITED STATES
                Author notes

                The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                [¤]

                Current address: Center for Community Health Integration, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4727-555X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2350-4725
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1323-9358
                Article
                PGPH-D-21-00900
                10.1371/journal.pgph.0000300
                10021784
                36962962
                12d97109-9b74-4a86-ba95-16c373018a26
                © 2023 Agrawal et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 29 October 2021
                : 1 February 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 2, Pages: 20
                Funding
                The authors received no specific funding for this work.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Epidemiology
                Medical Risk Factors
                Traumatic Injury Risk Factors
                Child Abuse
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Public and Occupational Health
                Traumatic Injury Risk Factors
                Child Abuse
                Social Sciences
                Sociology
                Criminology
                Crime
                Child Abuse
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Pediatrics
                Child Abuse
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Nutrition
                Diet
                Food
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Nutrition
                Diet
                Food
                Earth Sciences
                Atmospheric Science
                Climatology
                Climate Change
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Epidemiology
                Medical Risk Factors
                Traumatic Injury Risk Factors
                Violent Crime
                Domestic Violence
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Public and Occupational Health
                Traumatic Injury Risk Factors
                Violent Crime
                Domestic Violence
                Social Sciences
                Sociology
                Criminology
                Crime
                Violent Crime
                Domestic Violence
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Epidemiology
                Pandemics
                Social Sciences
                Political Science
                National Security
                Social Sciences
                Economics
                Microeconomics
                Urban Economics
                Social Sciences
                Economics
                Health Economics
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Health Care
                Health Economics
                Custom metadata
                This is a review of published research reports. All studies reviewed are publicly available in the following databases: PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase (Elsevier), Global Health (OvidSP), CAB Direct, BIOSIS (EBSCO), Web of Science, IRIS (WHO), Africa Wide (EBSCO), PAIS, and Scopus (Elsevier), and African Index Medicus. Our list of search terms is included as Supporting Information files.

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