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      Growing a circular economy with fungal biotechnology: a white paper

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          Abstract

          Fungi have the ability to transform organic materials into a rich and diverse set of useful products and provide distinct opportunities for tackling the urgent challenges before all humans. Fungal biotechnology can advance the transition from our petroleum-based economy into a bio-based circular economy and has the ability to sustainably produce resilient sources of food, feed, chemicals, fuels, textiles, and materials for construction, automotive and transportation industries, for furniture and beyond. Fungal biotechnology offers solutions for securing, stabilizing and enhancing the food supply for a growing human population, while simultaneously lowering greenhouse gas emissions. Fungal biotechnology has, thus, the potential to make a significant contribution to climate change mitigation and meeting the United Nation’s sustainable development goals through the rational improvement of new and established fungal cell factories. The White Paper presented here is the result of the 2nd Think Tank meeting held by the EUROFUNG consortium in Berlin in October 2019. This paper highlights discussions on current opportunities and research challenges in fungal biotechnology and aims to inform scientists, educators, the general public, industrial stakeholders and policymakers about the current fungal biotech revolution.

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          Marine pollution. Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean.

          Plastic debris in the marine environment is widely documented, but the quantity of plastic entering the ocean from waste generated on land is unknown. By linking worldwide data on solid waste, population density, and economic status, we estimated the mass of land-based plastic waste entering the ocean. We calculate that 275 million metric tons (MT) of plastic waste was generated in 192 coastal countries in 2010, with 4.8 to 12.7 million MT entering the ocean. Population size and the quality of waste management systems largely determine which countries contribute the greatest mass of uncaptured waste available to become plastic marine debris. Without waste management infrastructure improvements, the cumulative quantity of plastic waste available to enter the ocean from land is predicted to increase by an order of magnitude by 2025.
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            Transport and release of chemicals from plastics to the environment and to wildlife.

            Plastics debris in the marine environment, including resin pellets, fragments and microscopic plastic fragments, contain organic contaminants, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, petroleum hydrocarbons, organochlorine pesticides (2,2'-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane, hexachlorinated hexanes), polybrominated diphenylethers, alkylphenols and bisphenol A, at concentrations from sub ng g(-1) to microg g(-1). Some of these compounds are added during plastics manufacture, while others adsorb from the surrounding seawater. Concentrations of hydrophobic contaminants adsorbed on plastics showed distinct spatial variations reflecting global pollution patterns. Model calculations and experimental observations consistently show that polyethylene accumulates more organic contaminants than other plastics such as polypropylene and polyvinyl chloride. Both a mathematical model using equilibrium partitioning and experimental data have demonstrated the transfer of contaminants from plastic to organisms. A feeding experiment indicated that PCBs could transfer from contaminated plastics to streaked shearwater chicks. Plasticizers, other plastics additives and constitutional monomers also present potential threats in terrestrial environments because they can leach from waste disposal sites into groundwater and/or surface waters. Leaching and degradation of plasticizers and polymers are complex phenomena dependent on environmental conditions in the landfill and the chemical properties of each additive. Bisphenol A concentrations in leachates from municipal waste disposal sites in tropical Asia ranged from sub microg l(-1) to mg l(-1) and were correlated with the level of economic development.
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              Foundations for engineering biology.

              Drew Endy (2005)
              Engineered biological systems have been used to manipulate information, construct materials, process chemicals, produce energy, provide food, and help maintain or enhance human health and our environment. Unfortunately, our ability to quickly and reliably engineer biological systems that behave as expected remains quite limited. Foundational technologies that make routine the engineering of biology are needed. Vibrant, open research communities and strategic leadership are necessary to ensure that the development and application of biological technologies remains overwhelmingly constructive.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                vera.meyer@tu-berlin.de
                Journal
                Fungal Biol Biotechnol
                Fungal Biol Biotechnol
                Fungal Biology and Biotechnology
                BioMed Central (London )
                2054-3085
                2 April 2020
                2 April 2020
                2020
                : 7
                : 5
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.6734.6, ISNI 0000 0001 2292 8254, Chair of Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, , Technische Universität Berlin, ; Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
                [2 ]GRID grid.10025.36, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8470, Institute of Integrative Biology, , University of Liverpool, ; Biosciences Building, Crown Street, Liverpool, UK
                [3 ]GRID grid.6936.a, ISNI 0000000123222966, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, , Technical University of Munich, Holzforschung München, ; Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
                [4 ]GRID grid.7450.6, ISNI 0000 0001 2364 4210, Department of Molecular Microbiology & Genetics, Institute of Microbiology & Genetics, , Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, ; Grisebachstr. 8, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
                [5 ]GRID grid.426114.4, ISNI 0000 0000 9974 7390, Syngenta, Jealott’s Hill International Research Centre, ; Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY UK
                [6 ]GRID grid.418704.e, ISNI 0000 0004 0368 8584, Fungal Physiology, , Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, ; Utrecht University Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, Netherlands
                [7 ]GRID grid.168010.e, ISNI 0000000419368956, Department of Bioengineering, , Stanford University, ; 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA USA
                [8 ]GRID grid.5170.3, ISNI 0000 0001 2181 8870, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, , Technical University of Denmark, ; 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
                [9 ]GRID grid.8954.0, ISNI 0000 0001 0721 6013, Department Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, , University of Ljubljana, ; Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
                [10 ]AB Enzymes GmbH, Feldbergstr. 78, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
                [11 ]GRID grid.9619.7, ISNI 0000 0004 1937 0538, Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, ; 76100 Rehovot, Israel
                [12 ]GRID grid.10582.3e, ISNI 0000 0004 0373 0797, Biotechnology Research, Production Strain Technology, Novozymes A/S, ; Krogshoejvej 36, 2880 Bagsvaerd, Denmark
                [13 ]GRID grid.470622.5, ISNI 0000 0004 0505 0402, Quorn Foods, ; Station Road, Stokesley, North Yorkshire TS9 7AB UK
                [14 ]GRID grid.14003.36, ISNI 0000 0001 2167 3675, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, , University of Wisconsin-Madison, ; Madison, 53706 USA
                [15 ]GRID grid.454324.0, ISNI 0000 0001 0661 0844, Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, , National Institute of Chemistry, ; Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
                [16 ]GRID grid.5132.5, ISNI 0000 0001 2312 1970, Institute of Biology Leiden, Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, , Leiden University, ; Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
                [17 ]GRID grid.503114.2, French National Institute for Agriculture, Food and the Environment, INRAE, UMR1163, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Aix-Marseille Université, ; Marseille, France
                [18 ]MycoWorks, Inc, 669 Grand View Avenue, San Francisco, USA
                [19 ]GRID grid.19477.3c, ISNI 0000 0004 0607 975X, Faculty of Science and Technology, , Norwegian University of Life Sciences, ; Droebakveien, 31 1430 Aas, Norway
                [20 ]GRID grid.424026.6, ISNI 0000 0004 0630 0434, Chr. Hansen A/S, ; Bøge Alle 10-12, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
                [21 ]GRID grid.5379.8, ISNI 0000000121662407, The University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB) & School of Natural Sciences, ; 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN UK
                [22 ]GRID grid.5477.1, ISNI 0000000120346234, Department of Biology, Microbiology, , Utrecht University, ; Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2298-2258
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8611-5447
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5361-4514
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3117-5626
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5489-6557
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0615-7802
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4363-1123
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6952-8098
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0573-4340
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9464-3263
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6033-8140
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7510-7847
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2670-4677
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4386-9473
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0925-4272
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7794-7273
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2487-8016
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7545-9997
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2674-1328
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5329-2391
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0412-7001
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4722-535X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0399-3648
                Article
                95
                10.1186/s40694-020-00095-z
                7140391
                32280481
                12e584cd-6f2c-487a-a711-1f92b48b1de5
                © The Author(s) 2020

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

                History
                : 3 March 2020
                : 23 March 2020
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