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      The evolutionary neuroscience of musical beat perception: the Action Simulation for Auditory Prediction (ASAP) hypothesis

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          Abstract

          Every human culture has some form of music with a beat: a perceived periodic pulse that structures the perception of musical rhythm and which serves as a framework for synchronized movement to music. What are the neural mechanisms of musical beat perception, and how did they evolve? One view, which dates back to Darwin and implicitly informs some current models of beat perception, is that the relevant neural mechanisms are relatively general and are widespread among animal species. On the basis of recent neural and cross-species data on musical beat processing, this paper argues for a different view. Here we argue that beat perception is a complex brain function involving temporally-precise communication between auditory regions and motor planning regions of the cortex (even in the absence of overt movement). More specifically, we propose that simulation of periodic movement in motor planning regions provides a neural signal that helps the auditory system predict the timing of upcoming beats. This “action simulation for auditory prediction” (ASAP) hypothesis leads to testable predictions. We further suggest that ASAP relies on dorsal auditory pathway connections between auditory regions and motor planning regions via the parietal cortex, and suggest that these connections may be stronger in humans than in non-human primates due to the evolution of vocal learning in our lineage. This suggestion motivates cross-species research to determine which species are capable of human-like beat perception, i.e., beat perception that involves accurate temporal prediction of beat times across a fairly broad range of tempi.

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          The cortical organization of speech processing.

          Despite decades of research, the functional neuroanatomy of speech processing has been difficult to characterize. A major impediment to progress may have been the failure to consider task effects when mapping speech-related processing systems. We outline a dual-stream model of speech processing that remedies this situation. In this model, a ventral stream processes speech signals for comprehension, and a dorsal stream maps acoustic speech signals to frontal lobe articulatory networks. The model assumes that the ventral stream is largely bilaterally organized--although there are important computational differences between the left- and right-hemisphere systems--and that the dorsal stream is strongly left-hemisphere dominant.
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            Rhythms of the Brain

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              Oscillatory gamma activity in humans and its role in object representation.

              We experience objects as whole, complete entities irrespective of whether they are perceived by our sensory systems or are recalled from memory. However, it is also known that many of the properties of objects are encoded and processed in different areas of the brain. How then, do coherent representations emerge? One theory suggests that rhythmic synchronization of neural discharges in the gamma band (around 40 Hz) may provide the necessary spatial and temporal links that bind together the processing in different brain areas to build a coherent percept. In this article we propose that this mechanism could also be used more generally for the construction of object representations that are driven by sensory input or internal, top-down processes. The review will focus on the literature on gamma oscillatory activities in humans and will describe the different types of gamma responses and how to analyze them. Converging evidence that suggests that one particular type of gamma activity (induced gamma activity) is observed during the construction of an object representation will be discussed.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Syst Neurosci
                Front Syst Neurosci
                Front. Syst. Neurosci.
                Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1662-5137
                30 October 2013
                13 May 2014
                2014
                : 8
                : 57
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Department of Psychology, Tufts University Medford, MA, USA
                [2] 2Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience, Institute for Neural Computation, University of California San Diego La Jolla, CA, USA
                Author notes

                Edited by: Jonathan B. Fritz, University of Maryland, USA

                Reviewed by: Preston E. Garraghty, Indiana University, USA; Hugo Merchant, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico; Josef P. Rauschecker, Georgetown University School of Medicine, USA

                *Correspondence: Aniruddh D. Patel, Department of Psychology, Tufts University, 490 Boston Ave., Medford, MA 02155, USA e-mail: a.patel@ 123456tufts.edu

                This article was submitted to the journal Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience.

                †These authors have contributed equally to this work.

                Article
                10.3389/fnsys.2014.00057
                4026735
                24860439
                12f806fa-8921-43a8-8f42-c2133a590996
                Copyright © 2014 Patel and Iversen.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 02 August 2013
                : 25 March 2014
                Page count
                Figures: 6, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 112, Pages: 14, Words: 12527
                Categories
                Neuroscience
                Hypothesis And Theory Article

                Neurosciences
                evolution,rhythm perception,brain,music cognition,comparative psychology
                Neurosciences
                evolution, rhythm perception, brain, music cognition, comparative psychology

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