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      The suprachoroidal space: from potential space to a space with potential

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          Abstract

          Recent advances have made it possible to image the suprachoroidal space, and the understanding of its clinical applications is currently being greatly expanded. This opinion piece covers the advances in imaging techniques that enable the demonstration of the suprachoroidal space, and its implication in various retinal pathologies. It also reviews its potential uses as a route for drug delivery for the treatment of retinal diseases, and its use in innovative surgical techniques. Current research is leading the way for the suprachoroidal space to be an aspect of retinal disease diagnosis, monitoring, medical treatment, and surgical manipulation.

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          Enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography of the choroid in central serous chorioretinopathy.

          Yutaka Imamura, Takamitsu Fujiwara, Ron Margolis … (2009)
          The purpose of the study was to evaluate the choroidal thickness in patients with central serous chorioretinopathy, a disease attributed to increased choroidal vascular hyperpermeability. Patients with central serous chorioretinopathy underwent enhanced depth imaging spectral-domain optical coherence tomography, which was obtained by positioning a spectral-domain optical coherence tomography device close enough to the eye to acquire an inverted image. Seven sections, each comprising 100 averaged scans, were obtained within a 5 degrees x 30 degrees rectangle to encompass the macula. The subfoveal choroidal thickness was measured from the outer border of the retinal pigment epithelium to the inner scleral border. The mean age of subjects undergoing enhanced depth imaging spectral-domain optical coherence tomography was 59.3 years (standard deviation, 15.8 years). Seventeen of 19 patients (89.5%) were men, and 12 (63.2%) patients had bilateral clinical disease. The choroidal thickness measured in 28 eligible eyes of the 19 patients was 505 microm (standard deviation, 124 microm), which was significantly greater than the choroidal thickness in normal eyes (P < or = 0.001). Enhanced depth imaging spectral-domain optical coherence tomography demonstrated a very thick choroid in patients with central serous chorioretinopathy. This finding provides additional evidence that central serous chorioretinopathy may be caused by increased hydrostatic pressure in the choroid.
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            Enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography of the choroid in highly myopic eyes.

            Takamitsu Fujiwara, Yutaka Imamura, Ron Margolis … (2009)
            To measure macular choroidal thickness (CT) in highly myopic eyes using enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (OCT). Retrospective, observational case series. Enhanced depth imaging OCT images were obtained in highly myopic eyes (> or =6 diopters [D]). Images of CT were obtained by positioning a spectral-domain OCT device close enough to the eye to acquire an inverted image. CT was measured from the outer border of the retinal pigment epithelium to the inner scleral border at 1000-mum intervals of a horizontal section from 3 mm temporal to the fovea to 3 mm nasal to the fovea. Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate CT at each location and to correlate CT with age and refractive error. The mean age of the 31 patients (55 eyes) was 59.7 years (+/- 17.6 years; range, 24 to 90 years), and the mean refractive error was -11.9 D (+/- 3.7 D). The mean subfoveal CT was 93.2 microm (+/- 62.5 microm) and was correlated negatively with age (P = .006), refractive error (P < .001), and history of choroidal neovascularization (P = .013). Regression analysis suggested that subfoveal CT decreased by 12.7 mum for each decade of life and by 8.7 microm for each D of myopia. The choroid in highly myopic eyes is very thin and undergoes further thinning with increasing age and degree of myopia. Abnormalities of the choroid may play a role in the pathogenesis of myopic degeneration.
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              Choroidal thickness in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy and exudative age-related macular degeneration.

              Song Chung, Se Kang, Jung Lee … (2011)
              To compare choroidal thickness between eyes with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) and eyes with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Observational, comparative case series. Twenty-five eyes with PCV, 14 uninvolved fellow eyes with PCV, 30 eyes with exudative AMD, 17 eyes with early AMD, and 20 eyes of age-matched normal subjects. Choroidal thickness was measured using enhanced-depth imaging optical coherence tomography. Subfoveal choroidal thickness in each eye was analyzed by measurement of the vertical distance from the Bruch's membrane to the innermost scleral layer. Nasal, superior, temporal, and inferior choroidal thicknesses, 1500 μm apart from the foveal center, were also evaluated in all eyes. Choroidal thickness in each group. Mean (± standard deviation) subfoveal choroidal thickness in eyes with PCV and in their uninvolved fellow eyes was 438.3±87.8 μm and 372.9±112.0 μm, respectively, which was significantly greater than in eyes of age-matched normal subjects (224.8±52.9 μm) (P<0.001 and P = 0.003, respectively). Subfoveal choroidal thickness of eyes with exudative AMD (171.2±38.5 μm) and eyes with early AMD (177.4±49.7 μm) was thinner than that of age-matched normal subjects (P = 0.004 and P = 0.078, respectively). Choroidal thickness at each of the other 4 points showed a similar tendency. This study demonstrates thickening of choroid in the eyes with PCV, in contrast with choroidal thinning observed in eyes with AMD. These findings suggest involvement of different pathogenic mechanisms in PCV from those in exudative AMD. Copyright © 2011 American Academy of Ophthalmology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Clin Ophthalmol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Clin Ophthalmol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Clinical Ophthalmology
                Title: Clinical Ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.)
                Publisher: Dove Medical Press
                ISSN (Print): 1177-5467
                ISSN (Electronic): 1177-5483
                Publication date Collection: 2016
                Publication date (Electronic): 25 January 2016
                Volume: 10
                Pages: 173-178
                Affiliations
                [1 ]UC Davis Eye Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
                [2 ]Ophthalmology Department, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
                [3 ]Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Elad Moisseiev, UC Davis Eye Center, University of California Davis, 4860 Y Street, Suite 2400, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA, Tel +1 916 734 6602, Email elad_moi@ 123456netvision.net.il
                Article
                Publisher ID: opth-10-173
                DOI: 10.2147/OPTH.S89784
                PMC ID: 4734808
                PubMed ID: 26869750
                SO-VID: 130ab279-bd12-472c-b317-1400c131edbc
                Copyright © © 2016 Moisseiev et al. This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited
                License:

                The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed.

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                Categories
                Subject: Expert Opinion

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Ophthalmology & Optometry
                Keywords: suprachoroidal space,enhanced depth imaging,drug delivery,potential space
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Ophthalmology & Optometry
                Keywords: suprachoroidal space, enhanced depth imaging, drug delivery, potential space

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