Bioterrorismo: dados de uma história recente de riscos e incertezas <span class="so-article-trans-title" dir="auto"> Translated title: Bioterrorism: data of a recent history of risks and uncertainties </span>

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Abstract

O bioterrorismo é hoje uma ameaça real em todo o mundo. Considerando-se que as ações de bioterrorismo utilizam agentes biológicos capazes de promover grandes epidemias e sobrecarga nos sistemas de saúde de qualquer cidade, estado ou país, o bioterrorismo passa a ser não apenas uma preocupação de governantes e militares, mas também dos profissionais da área da saúde. Este artigo discute, através de uma revisão bibliográfica, nas bases de dados LILACS, MEDLINE, SciELO e REPIDISCA, no período de 1997 a 2007, as características das publicações nacionais relacionadas ao bioterrorismo, o tipo de agentes biológicos estudados e o conhecimento já existente no país para fazer frente a um evento de bioterrorismo, a fim de subsidiar com informação os profissionais que irão atuar em ações de primeira resposta aos eventos de bioterrorismo e que são imprescindíveis para reduzir o número de vítimas.

Translated abstract

Today, bioterrorism is a real threat in the whole world. Considering the actions of bioterrorism by using biological agents capable of promoting great epidemics and overload in the health systems of any city, state or country, the bioterrorism is not only a health professional concern, but government and military also. This article discusses a bibliographical review done in the LILACS, MEDLINE, SciELO and REPIDISCA databases, during the period of 1997 the 2007, the characteristics of related national publications to the bioterrorism, the type of biological agents studied, and the existing knowledge in the country to face a bioterrorism event, in order to feed with information the professionals who will act in first reply to the bioterrorism events and that are essential to reduce the number of victims.

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Most cited references 34

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John Osterloh, Martin Belson, Jennifer Audi … (2005)

The recent discoveries of ricin, a deadly biologic toxin, at a South Carolina postal facility, a White House mail facility, and a US senator's office has raised concerns among public health officials, physicians, and citizens. Ricin is one of the most potent and lethal substances known, particularly when inhaled. The ease with which the native plant (Ricinus communis) can be obtained and the toxin extracted makes ricin an attractive weapon. To summarize the literature on ricin poisoning and provide recommendations based on our best professional judgment for clinicians and public health officials that are faced with deliberate release of ricin into the environment. LITERATURE ACQUISITION: Using PubMed, we searched MEDLINE and OLDMEDLINE databases (January 1950-August 2005). The Chemical and Biological Information Analysis Center database was searched for historical and military literature related to ricin toxicity. Book chapters, unpublished reports, monographs, relevant news reports, and Web material were also reviewed to find nonindexed articles. Most literature on ricin poisoning involves castor bean ingestion and experimental animal research. Aerosol release of ricin into the environment or adulteration of food and beverages are pathways to exposure likely to be exploited. Symptoms after ingestion (onset within 12 hours) are nonspecific and may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain and may progress to hypotension, liver failure, renal dysfunction, and death due to multiorgan failure or cardiovascular collapse. Inhalation (onset of symptoms is likely within 8 hours) of ricin is expected to produce cough, dyspnea, arthralgias, and fever and may progress to respiratory distress and death, with few other organ system manifestations. Biological analytic methods for detecting ricin exposure are undergoing investigation and may soon be available through reference laboratories. Testing of environmental samples is available through federal reference laboratories. Currently, no antidote, vaccine, or other specific effective therapy is available for ricin poisoning or prevention. Prompt treatment with supportive care is necessary to limit morbidity and mortality. Health care workers and public health officials should consider ricin poisoning in patients with gastrointestinal or respiratory tract illness in the setting a credible threat. Poison control centers and public health authorities should be notified of any known illness associated with ricin exposure.

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The deliberate use of microorganisms and toxins as weapons has been attempted throughout history. Biological warfare has evolved from the crude use of cadavers to contaminate water supplies to the development of specialized munitions for battlefield and covert use. The modern development of biological agents as weapons has paralleled advances in basic and applied microbiology. These include the identification of virulent pathogens suitable for aerosol delivery and industrial-scale fermentation processes to produce large quantities of pathogens and toxins. The history of biological warfare is difficult to assess because of a number of confounding factors. These include difficulties in verification of alleged or attempted biological attacks, the use of allegations of biological attacks for propaganda purposes, the paucity of pertinent microbiological or epidemiologic data, and the incidence of naturally occurring endemic or epidemic diseases during hostilities. Biological warfare has been renounced by 140 nations, primarily for strategic and other pragmatic reasons. International diplomatic efforts, including the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention, have not been entirely effective in preventing the enhancement and proliferation of offensive biological warfare programs. The threats posed by biological weapons are likely to continue into the future.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (publisher-id): csc

Title: Ciência & Saúde Coletiva

Abbreviated Title: Ciênc. saúde coletiva

Publisher: ABRASCO - Associação Brasileira de Saúde Coletiva (Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil )

ISSN (Print): 1413-8123

ISSN (Electronic): 1678-4561

Publication date (Print and electronic): 2011

Volume: 16

Issue: suppl 1

Pages: 821-830

Affiliations

[01] Rio de Janeiro RJ orgnameCentro Tecnológico do Exército

[02] orgnameFundação Oswaldo Cruz

Article

Publisher ID: S1413-81232011000700013 Publisher ID: S1413-8123(11)01600013

SO-VID: 1312fe96-e135-4d96-8202-e6925d6971e1

License:

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

History

Date accepted : 05 November 2008

Date received : 30 May 2008

Page count

Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 34, Pages: 10

Product

SciELO Brazil

Self URI: Texto completo somente em PDF (PT)

Bioterrorismo: dados de uma história recente de riscos e incertezas Translated title: Bioterrorism: data of a recent history of risks and uncertainties

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